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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

In diesem Bericht werden die Forschungsarbeiten von Eurofound zur Telearbeit während der COVID-19-Pandemie in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 vorgestellt. Untersucht werden Veränderungen in Bezug auf Telearbeit, Arbeitsbedingungen für Arbeitnehmer, die von zu Hause aus arbeiten, und Änderungen der

08 December 2022

Der technologische Wandel beschleunigt sich mit der zunehmenden Leistungsfähigkeit elektronischer Geräte zur digitalen Speicherung, Verarbeitung und Kommunikation von Informationen. Die Digitalisierung verändert die Wirtschaft und die Arbeitsmärkte in der EU: Nahezu ein Drittel der Arbeitsplätze in

15 December 2021

Der rasche Aufstieg der Plattformwirtschaft hat zu einer ausgeprägten Veränderung der europäischen Arbeitsmärkte geführt, sodass bei den vorhandenen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und freiwilligen Initiativen noch Nachholbedarf besteht. Plattformarbeit bietet zwar Chancen für Arbeitskräfte und

02 December 2021

Dank digitaler Technologien ist es für viele Beschäftigte möglich geworden, jederzeit und von überall aus zu arbeiten, mit allen damit verbundenen Vor- und Nachteilen. Die Daten von Eurofound machen deutlich, dass Telearbeitnehmer mit doppelt so hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die Höchstarbeitszeit von 48

09 September 2021

In diesem richtungsweisenden Bericht werden die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus den Forschungsarbeiten von Eurofound zu den Arbeitsbedingungen im Programmplanungszeitraum 2017-2020 zusammengefasst. Es werden die seit 2000 erzielten Fortschritte bei der Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen dargestellt

26 February 2021

The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

14 December 2020

Etwa drei Viertel der Erwerbsbevölkerung in der EU sind im Dienstleistungssektor beschäftigt und ein erheblicher Anteil der Beschäftigten in diesem Sektor interagiert direkt mit den Empfängern der von ihnen erbrachten Dienstleistungen, wie Kunden, Patienten oder Schüler. Dies kann eine

15 July 2020

Obwohl nur ein kleiner Teil der Erwerbstätigen in der EU mehr als einen Arbeitsplatz hat, ist ein besseres Verständnis dieses Phänomens sinnvoll, weil es in gewissem Grad zunimmt, Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Arbeitnehmer haben kann und Erkenntnisse über den Arbeitsmarkt

22 June 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Online resources results (89)

Italy: Economically dependent self-employed work in the Jobs Act

Labour law reforms under the Jobs Act have dispensed with new job contracts based on one or more specific projects. From 2016, this type of contract will be assimilated into another type of employment contract. Workers whose contracts are expiring are entitled to receive an income support measure

Italy: New rules on job tasks

The Italian government’s labour reforms continue with the adoption of the so-called ‘Jobs Act’. It introduces mobility within and between staff levels, allowing employers to assign workers different job tasks belonging to the same, or even lower, staff level for which they were hired. It has been

Estonia: Call for measures to help prevent work-related mental health issues

Measures to identify and prevent mental health problems among workers in Estonia have been recommended by a new report. About one-third of people with an occupational disability in Estonia have mental health problems. Labour market policies, however, have so far neglected this group.

Netherlands: Unexpected problems with Work and Security Act

There have been unexpected problems following the introduction of the new Act on Work and Security in the Netherlands. The act, which changes employment and dismissal law, came into force on 1 July and aims to create a new balance between ‘insiders’, permanent employees who have high levels of

Finland: Spotlight on self-employed persons without employees 

An extensive study of self-employment in Finland, the first of its kind, shows that full-time permanent employment is declining, with some workers being neither traditional wage earners nor entrepreneurs. This poses a challenge for the social security system. Some 6% of the workforce are self

Romania: Regulating the professional status of nannies

Law no. 167/2014 on the professional status of nannies, which was adopted in December 2014, aims to improve the overall quality of childcare provided, to address the problem of insufficient childcare provision for parents, to result in a better work–life balance for parents, to increase the number

Croatia: The new Labour Act

Before the introduction of Croatia's new Labour Act, strict employment protection legislation meant a lack of labour market flexibility. The new law aims to increase the number of employed people, allow employers to develop more flexible business models and adapt to market demands, maintain employee

Ireland: Workplace Relations Commission moves closer to establishment

Ireland's new Workplace Relations Bill establishes a Workplace Relations Commission (WRC) which will subsume the functions of the Labour Relations Commission, National Employment Rights Authority, Equality Tribunal and Employment Appeals Tribunal. The WRC will deal with complaints at first instance

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 März 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Dezember 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Dezember 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 November 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Juni 2018

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