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Palkka ja tulot

Palkka ja tulot ovat työmarkkinasuhteissa ja elämänlaadun kannalta keskeinen asia. Tämä seikka on saanut lisähuomiota EU:n tasolla kriisiin johtaneen taloudellisen ja yhteiskunnallisen kehityksen vuoksi.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...

Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 tammikuu 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Euroopan sosiaalisten oikeuksien pilarissa määritetään EU:n palkkoja koskevat sitoumukset: työntekijöiden oikeus oikeudenmukaiseen palkkaan, joka mahdollistaa kohtuullisen elintason; riittävän vähimmäispalkan varmistaminen; työssäkäyvien köyhyyden estäminen.

Eurofoundin toiminta

Eurofound raportoi säännöllisesti palkkaan ja tuloihin liittyvistä seikoista Euroopan muuttuvien taloudellisten olosuhteiden valossa.

Palkkaseuranta

Eurofound kokoaa palkkoihin liittyviä tietoja Euroopan työelämänseurantakeskuksen (EurWORK) avulla. Säännöllisen raportoinnin ansiosta saadaan työehtosopimuksen mukaista palkkaa koskevia pitkiä havaintosarjoja, joiden avulla voidaan seurata palkkasuuntauksia. Eurofound julkaisee säännöllisesti aihekohtaisia päivityksiä lakisääteisistä vähimmäispalkoista ja työehtosopimuksen mukaisesta palkasta. Lisäksi se seuraa kehitystä kansallisella tasolla palkanmuodostusmekanismien, tasa-arvoisten palkkojen, vaihtelevien palkkojen ja matalien palkkojen sekä sukupuolten palkkaerojen osalta.

Työelämää koskevat maaprofiilit sisältävät palkkoja koskevia kansallisen tason tietoja, ja niitä päivitetään säännöllisesti. EurWORK ylläpitää kahta palkkatietokantaa (katso alla olevat tietolähteet).

Eurofoundin Euroopan työpaikkojen seurantayksikkö (EJM) arvioi työllisyyden vaihteluja työkohtaisesti erilaisilla laadullisilla menetelmillä, palkka mukaan luettuna. Erityisesti se hankkii tietoa työllisyyden polarisoitumisesta eli siitä, missä määrin työllisyyden kasvu on todennäköisesti suurempaa palkkajakauman huipulla ja pohjalla kuin keskellä.

Tutkimustiedot

Eurofoundin tutkimuksilla seurataan myös EU:n palkkatilannetta. Palkka on keskeinen seikka työn laatua arvioivassa Eurofoundin tutkimuksessa. Euroopan työolotutkimuksessa (EWCS) palkka on yksi seitsemästä työn laadun indikaattorista. Euroopan työolotutkimuksessa raportoidaan myös sukupuolten palkkaeroista. Tutustu interaktiiviseen Euroopan työolotutkimustietojen visualisointityökaluun.

Euroopan elämänlaatututkimus (EQLS) seuraa tulojen vaikutusta elintasoon ja sitä, miten tuloerot liittyvät sosiaaliseen yhteenkuuluvuuteen ja hyvinvointiin. Siinä analysoidaan kriisin vaikutusta perheisiin tarkastelemalla pienituloisia perheitä, kotitalouksien velkoja ja köyhyysriskissä olevia ryhmiä. Euroopan elämänlaatututkimuksella kerätään tietoa myös eläkeläisten tuloista ja mahdollisuuksista työelämän jatkamiseen. Tutustu interaktiiviseen Euroopan elämänlaatututkimustietojen visualisointityökaluun.

Euroopan yritystutkimuksessa (ECS) tarkastellaan vaihtelevien palkkajärjestelmien käyttöä yrityksissä sekä kollektiivisten palkkasopimusten kattavuutta kyseisten yritysten työntekijöiden osalta. Tutkimus mahdollistaa vaihtelevia palkkoja ja palkkaneuvotteluja koskevien tietojen yhdistämisen työn organisointia, henkilöstöhallintoa, työntekijöiden suoraa osallistumista ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelua sekä suoritusta ja työpaikan hyvinvointia koskeviin tietoihin.

Key outputs

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Vuoden 2023 vähimmäispalkkojen vuotuinen tarkastelu laadittiin tilanteessa, jossa inflaatio on ollut ennennäkemätöntä kaikkialla Euroopassa. Vaikka tämä johti monissa maissa nimellispalkkojen huomattaviin korotuksiin, se ei monissa tapauksissa riittänyt työntekijöiden ostovoiman säilyttämiseen...

29 kesäkuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemialla oli erilaisia vaikutuksia eri yhteiskuntaryhmiin. Ne riippuivat pitkälti jo olemassa olleista haittatekijöistä, ja pandemian uskottiin lisänneen laajalti eriarvoisuutta eri elämänalueilla. Tässä raportissa hyödynnetään moniulotteista eriarvoisuutta koskevan Euroopan unionin seurantakehyksen...

24 tammikuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Tässä raportissa selvitetään kotitalouksien varallisuuden jakautumista EU:n jäsenvaltioissa ja analysoidaan varallisuuden roolia sosiaalisessa liikkuvuudessa. Raportissa käytetään kolmen datajoukon (tutkimus kotitalouksien varoista ja kulutuksesta, terveyttä, ikääntymistä ja eläkkeelle siirtymistä Euroopassa koskeva...

30 maaliskuu 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, there is a generally applicable statutory minimum wage and the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels and how this is determined across the EU in January 2016.

29 January 2016

Temporary employment has increased since the 1980s in most European countries as a result of demands for greater flexibility in labour markets and subsequent reforms of employment protection legislation. This report presents a broad picture of temporary employment across the EU27 between 2001 and

15 December 2015

Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008

04 November 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway

04 November 2015

Occupation is a critical factor in determining the type of working conditions a person will experience during their professional life. This report explores the working conditions of workers – particularly medium-to-low skilled and unskilled – in occupations that are found to have low levels of job

29 October 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of public sector pay and collective bargaining in the EU during the third quarter of 2015. Its main focus is a growing trend of restored pay levels in public sector agreements. It also deals with the broadening scope

27 October 2015

National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources

11 September 2015

This report describes the developments in collectively agreed pay in the EU Member States in 2014 and compares them to developments in previous years. While growth in collectively agreed pay in nominal terms declined, the declining growth of prices resulted in real collectively agreed pay increasing

05 August 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

This report gives an overview of recent developments in the distribution of wages in Europe from 2004 to 2011 – the period before and after the onset of the Great Recession. While the main focus is on the EU dimension, the report analyses relevant trends and developments within countries in a

11 May 2015

Online resources results (888)

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Personnel changes and new proposals at federal level, the integration of refugees, entitlements to education and child support, and the results of collective bargaining are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Austria

Slovenia: Police end a six-month strike following agreement

A six-month strike by police officers was suspended in June. The agreement between the government and police unions gives pay rises to police officers amounting to between 8% and 20% by 2018. However, it has struck a blow to unity of the public sector wage system.

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Rising unemployment, the biennial renegotiation of nationwide collective agreements and proposed changes to legislation on temporary layoffs, working time and whistle-blowing are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Portugal: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The re-introduction of four holidays and the 35-hour week in the public sector; as well as job precariousness and unemployment, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Portugal in the first quarter of 2016.

Cyprus: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Presidential intervention to prevent a doctors’ strike, a dispute about renewal of collective agreements for airport ground staff and social outcry over women’s exclusion from the National Guard are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Opposition to new measures to reduce public sector wage inequality, a fresh start for the Social and Economic Council, and new measures to reconcile family and working life are the main topics of interest of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in Romanian working

Greece: The third memorandum’s plans for public administration

The third Memorandum of Understanding for Greece came into force from January 2016, which sets out measures that the government will have to implement before the end of 2018. These include tax policy reform, a more sustainable pension system, and improved management of health sector finances.

Slovenia: Seventh public sector pay agreement signed

The Slovenian government and public sector trade unions have agreed seven public sector pay agreements since the start of the economic crisis in 2008 in an effort to protect public sector employment by limiting the wage bill. Despite good economic growth in 2015, the seventh agreement, signed in

Hungary: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Industrial action and protests in various sectors, wage bargaining in the competitive sector, difficult bargaining at company level, and a European Court of Justice ruling on Hungary’s cafeteria regulations are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Norway: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Rising unemployment, the start of the biannual collective bargaining round, a report from the expert committee on working time, and a new report focusing on young workers and sustainable work life are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 toukokuu 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 tammikuu 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 elokuu 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 kesäkuu 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 lokakuu 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 kesäkuu 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 kesäkuu 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 huhtikuu 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 helmikuu 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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