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Rémunération et revenu

La rémunération et le revenu revêtent une importance primordiale dans les relations du travail et la qualité de vie. La question a reçu encore plus d’attention au niveau de l’UE en raison de l’évolution de l’économie et de la société dans son ensemble à la suite de la crise.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 janvier 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Le socle européen des droits sociaux fixe les engagements de l’UE en ce qui concerne les salaires: le droit des travailleurs à un salaire juste permettant un niveau de vie décent; la garantie de salaires minimaux appropriés; la prévention du phénomène des travailleurs pauvres.

Études d’Eurofound

Eurofound établit régulièrement des rapports sur différents aspects de la rémunération et du revenu en tenant compte de l’évolution de la conjoncture économique en Europe.

Suivi de l’évolution de la rémunération

Par l’intermédiaire de son Observatoire européen de la vie active (EurWORK), Eurofound rassemble de nombreuses informations sur la rémunération. La nature régulière de ces rapports donne lieu à de nombreuses observations sur les rémunérations fixées par convention collective, de sorte que leur évolution peut être suivie. Eurofound publie régulièrement des rapports sur les salaires minimaux légaux et les rémunérations fixées par convention collective. Elle suit également les évolutions, au niveau national, concernant les mécanismes de fixation des salaires, l’égalité salariale, la rémunération variable, la faible rémunération et les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes.

Les profils nationaux sur la vie active contiennent des informations sur la rémunération au niveau national et font l’objet de mises à jour régulières. EurWORK gère une base de données sur la rémunération.

L’Observatoire européen de l’emploi (EJM) d’Eurofound évalue les changements observés dans l’emploi par profession, à l’aune de divers indicateurs qualitatifs, dont la rémunération. En particulier, il aide à mieux comprendre le phénomène de la polarisation de l’emploi, c’est-à-dire la mesure dans laquelle la croissance de l’emploi est susceptible d’être plus élevée parmi les postes à haute et à faible rémunération que parmi les postes à rémunération moyenne.

Enquêtes

Eurofound mène également des enquêtes pour suivre l’évolution des conditions de rémunération dans l’UE. La rémunération est une donnée essentielle des études réalisées par Eurofound pour évaluer la qualité du travail. Dans l’enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail (EWCS), la rémunération est l’un des sept indices de qualité du travail. L’EWCS fait également le point sur les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EWCS

L’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) observe l’incidence du revenu sur le niveau de vie et la mesure dans laquelle les inégalités de revenu sont liées à la cohésion sociale et au bien-être. Elle analyse comment la crise a touché les familles, en accordant une attention particulière aux familles à bas revenu, à l’endettement des ménages et aux groupes exposés au risque de pauvreté. L’EQLS rassemble également des informations sur le revenu à la retraite et sur les possibilités de prolonger la vie active. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EQLS

L’enquête sur les entreprises en Europe (ECS) rend compte de l’utilisation de régimes de rémunération variable dans les entreprises, ainsi que de la couverture des employés de ces entreprises par des conventions collectives. L’enquête permet d’établir des liens entre les informations sur la rémunération variable et la négociation salariale et celles qui concernent l’organisation du travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, la participation directe des employés et le dialogue social, ainsi que le rendement et le bien-être au travail.

Key outputs

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La révision annuelle 2023 des salaires minimaux a été préparée dans le contexte d’une inflation sans précédent à travers l’Europe. Même si elle a entraîné de fortes hausses des salaires...

29 juin 2023
Publication
Research report
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Le présent rapport examine la répartition du patrimoine des ménages dans les États membres de l’UE et analyse le rôle du patrimoine dans la mobilité sociale. Fondé sur trois ensembles...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

La présente note stratégique traite des conclusions relatives à un thème spécifique de l’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) d’Eurofound qui présentent un intérêt particulier d’un point de vue politique. Elle rassemble les résultats de l’analyse de données et d’éléments probants extraits

08 November 2013

Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores

29 October 2013

In recent years, practices such as outsourcing and contracting-out have increasingly blurred the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. A new group of workers has emerged, which comprises workers who are formally ‘self-employed’, but present some characteristics of employees

29 September 2013

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay

09 July 2013

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

This paper looks at wages from two different angles: from the perspective of individual employees, discussed in conjunction with their working conditions, and from the perspective of the industrial relations system. After a brief overview of EU-level policy developments with a potential impact on

29 January 2013

This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States

10 December 2012

What determines life satisfaction and happiness? How do we value our social situation and immediate surroundings? How has this changed with the economic crisis? For the third wave of the European Quality of Life survey, 35,500 Europeans in all EU Member States were interviewed, in an effort to gain

27 November 2012

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

Online resources results (888)

Bulgaria: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The launch of an alliance to combat wage inequality, the election of a new leader for one of the country’s main employers’ associations and talks on the European Pillar of Social Rights are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Slovakia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

An increase in wage supplements, easier access for people from countries outside the EU to join the Slovak labour market and new legislation for social enterprises are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

France: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The adoption of labour market reforms, strikes in the transport sector and new leadership among the social partners are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in France in the second quarter of 2018.

Sweden: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A historic agreement on industrial action regulations and a narrowing gender pay gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2018.

Czech Republic: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The new government taking office, a new low for the unemployment rate, the end of cheap labour and a call for more foreign workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the Czech Republic in the second quarter of

Cyprus: latest working life developments Q2 2018

An agreement to restore wider public sector salaries and mass redundancies at CCB bank are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Cyprus in the second quarter of 2018.

Luxembourg: Social partners begin renegotiating collective agreement in banking sector

In June 2017, the social partners in Luxembourg’s banking sector agreed on a one-year extension to the 2016–2018 collective agreement. Soon after, discussions started for the 2018–2020 collective agreement, with the sector’s three main trade unions in November putting forward new demands, as did the

Cyprus: Settlement of dispute over pay increases in the public sector

A bitter pay dispute has been settled by negotiations between the Minister of Finance and two peak-level trade union confederations, PEO and SEK. The ‘complementary framework agreement’ enables the negotiation of pay increases or of reduction in pay cuts for 2017 and 2018, and covers 24,000

Article

Italy: Increasing fragmentation in collective bargaining at sectoral level

The increasing fragmentation of sectoral agreements in Italy is highlighted in a report, released in November 2017, by the tripartite National Economic and Labour Council. It adds that decentralised bargaining increasingly deals with performance-related pay and welfare benefits. Although this

Slovakia: Increase in subsistence minimum allowance after four-year freeze

The Slovakian government has increased the monthly subsistence minimum amount for an adult by 0.7%. The rise, effective from 1 July 2017, is the first in four years. Although a significant step for state finances, it is nevertheless a very cautious move and has been criticised by the unions who want


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 janvier 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 août 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juin 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 octobre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 avril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 février 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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