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Minimalna plaća

Pojam „minimalna plaća” odnosi se na različita regulatorna ograničenja u pogledu najnižeg iznosa koji poslodavci mogu isplatiti radnicima. Zajamčene minimalne plaće uređene su zakonima i pravilnicima. Zajednički dogovorene minimalne plaće utvrđene su kolektivnim ugovorima između sindikata i poslodavaca.

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From January to June 2024, Eurofound supports the work of Belgium's presidency of the Council of the EU, providing valuable research results on specific topics linked with the presidency priorities.

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A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

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Kontekst EU-a


Infografika

Većina država članica EU-a utvrdila je zakonsku nacionalnu minimalnu plaću, iako se razine, mehanizmi prilagodbe i područje primjene takvih nacionalnih minimalnih plaća razlikuju. U Austriji, Danskoj, Finskoj, Italiji i Švedskoj minimalne plaće utvrđene su kolektivnim ugovorima, dok Cipar ima zakonske stope za različita zanimanja.

Institucije EU-a u studenom 2017. zajednički su donijele europski stup socijalnih prava, kojim su utvrdile predanost EU-a pravednim plaćama za radnike. To obuhvaća osiguravanje primjerenih plaća za radnike kako bi se njima i njihovim obiteljima omogućio pristojan životni standard, očuvanje sposobnosti niskokvalificiranih i mladih radnika da pronađu zaposlenje te istodobno osiguravanje financijske privlačnosti rada.

Nova Europska komisija, koja je stupila na dužnost u prosincu 2019., ponovno je preuzela tu obvezu te je na dnevni red stavila inicijativu za reformu minimalne plaće u EU-u. Vizijom Komisije za snažnu socijalnu Europu ostvaruju se preduvjeti za akcijski plan za provedbu socijalnog stupa . Komisija je 28. listopada 2020. nakon dva kruga savjetovanja sa socijalnim partnerima održana u veljači i lipnju iznijela Prijedlog direktive EU-a o primjerenim minimalnim plaćama. Cilj je da do 2024. svi radnici u EU-u zarađuju pravednu i primjerenu plaću, bez obzira na to gdje žive.

Rad Eurofounda u području minimalnih plaća povezan je s prioritetom Komisije za gospodarstvo u interesu građana za razdoblje 2019. – 2024.

Ključne poruke

· Žene su prekomjerno zastupljene među primateljima minimalne plaće u gotovo svim državama članicama, neovisno o tome kako se definiraju osobe s minimalnom plaćom.

· Svaki deseti radnik u EU-tijekom 2017. zarađivao je iznos oko minimalne plaće (± 10 %).

· Brojne su zemlje 2019. vodile rasprave o dodatnom većem povećanju minimalnih plaća nakon 2020., neke u odnosu na relativnu ciljnu vrijednost, a druge u apsolutnom smislu.

· Od početka tisućljeća zakonske su minimalne plaće postale pravednije u usporedbi s plaćama ostalih radnika (kada se zakonske minimalne plaće usporede s medijalnim plaćama svih radnika).

· Unatoč tom uzlaznom trendu, minimalne plaće u većini zemalja i dalje iznose manje od 60 %, pa čak i manje od 50 % medijalnih plaća. To posebno vrijedi za države članice u središnjem i istočnom dijelu EU-a, koje su početkom tisućljeća uvodile minimalne plaće s vrlo niskim relativnim razinama, a ciljne vrijednosti u njihovim propisima o minimalnim plaćama i dalje iznose oko 50 % ili manje.

· Ukupno gledajući, sedmero od deset radnika koji primaju minimalnu plaću navodi da, barem u određenoj mjeri, teško spaja kraj s krajem, a kad je riječ o ostalim radnicima, to navodi manje od petero od deset radnika. Međutim, te se brojke znatno razlikuju među zemljama. Tako u Danskoj, Finskoj, Njemačkoj i Švedskoj manje od 10 % radnika koji primaju minimalnu plaću to uspijeva teško do vrlo teško, u usporedbi s između 50 % i 60 % takvih radnika u Bugarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Cipru te čak 80 % u Grčkoj.

· Vlade u cijeloj Europi uvode mjere za stabilizaciju dohodaka za one pogođene krizom koju je prouzročila bolest COVID-19. Minimalne plaće mogu imati ulogu u kombinaciji politika čija je svrha stabilizacija dohodaka radi sprječavanja pada u recesiju ili depresiju.

· Eurofoundova baza podataka EU PolicyWatch također pokazuje da su vlade često upućivale na zakonsku minimalnu plaću pri utvrđivanju gornjih ili donjih pragova za razinu naknada za potporu dohotku, kao što su one za rad sa skraćenim radnim vremenom.

· Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 osobito snažno utječe na sektore i zanimanja s većim udjelom radnika s minimalnom plaćom: radnici u poljoprivredi (15 % radnika s minimalnom plaćom u tom sektoru i oko 20 % za neka radna mjesta u poljoprivredi), radnici u maloprodaji (13 %) ili čistači i pomagači (25 %) neki su od radnika koji održavaju društvo tijekom razdoblja ograničavanja socijalnih kontakata i ograničenja kretanja.

· Drugi sektori i zanimanja s većim udjelom radnika s minimalnom plaćom, osobito u sektoru smještaja i ugostiteljstva (16 %), umjetnosti, zabave, rekreacije ili rada u kućanstvima (14 %) ili djelatnici koji pružaju osobne usluge (16 %), bili su među onima koji su na početku pandemije bolesti COVID-19 osjećali učinke javnozdravstvenih mjera.

Eurofound research

Eurofound provides regular updates on pay in the EU, including an annual study on how minimum wage rates have developed across the EU (as well as Norway and the UK), reviewing how national governments and social partners engage in setting new rates. It also looks at the concept of a living wage, aimed at guaranteeing workers and their families a decent level of living and social participation in response to the inadequacy of income for many working households reliant on existing statutory minimum wage rates.

Pay developments

The annual review on minimum wages for 2023 summarises how minimum wage rates were set during 2022. 

In an earlier study on pay in Europe in the 21st century , Eurofound explored the implications of a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage coordinated at EU level and set at 60% of the median national wage.

Impact of COVID-19 for low-wage earners

COVID-19 is likely to impact the ongoing minimum wage debate, as many workers delivering essential services during the pandemic are at the bottom of the pay ladder, like workers in retail, food-supply chains or care roles. Others low-wage workers, like workers in the accommodation and food sector, or in leisure and entertainment services, have been the first affected by unemployment. With unemployment on the rise, it will be important to see how minimum wages can contribute to the policy mix governments and social partners are currently applying to cushion the economic and social impacts. Eurofound’s e-survey on Living, working and COVID-19 shows that nearly half of households are already struggling to make ends meet. Minimum wages could play a policy role in stabilising incomes.

Minimum wage versus living wage

Most EU countries have a statutory minimum wage. A related but distinct concept is that of a living wage, which is a wage designed to secure a basic but acceptable standard of living for its earner (and, in some cases, household dependents). The living wage rate is based on a detailed, regularly updated costing of the basic services and goods required for such a standard of living and is intended in part to reflect the inadequacy of prevailing statutory minima for that end. Living wage campaigns are generally voluntary and rely on coalitions of interest groups, trade unions and employers working together. These campaigns can take on an advocacy role (Ireland) as well as an accreditation role (UK) where organisations are formally accredited as living wage employers. In line with the fair wage provisions set out in the Social Pillar, Eurofound research aims to provide policymakers with a practical guide to the living wage concept.

EU context

Most EU Member States have a statutory national minimum wage in place, although its level, adjustment mechanisms and coverage vary. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden have minimum wages set within collective agreements, while Cyprus has statutory rates for different occupations.

The EU institutions jointly proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights in November 2017, setting out the EU’s commitment to fair wages for workers. This includes ensuring adequate wages for workers to allow them and their families to have a decent standard of living, safeguarding the ability of the low-skilled and young workers to find employment, while also making work financially attractive. 

The new European Commission, which took office in December 2019, reiterated this commitment, putting a reform initiative for an EU minimum wage on the agenda. The Commission’s vision for a strong social Europe prepares the way for an Action Plan to implement the Social Pillar. On 28 October 2020, the Commission put forward a proposal for an EU Directive on adequate minimum wages. This was followed by a political agreement between the European Parliament and the Member States on 7 June 2022. The Minimum Wages Directive was adopted in October 2022. The aim is that by 2024 all workers in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live. 

Eurofound’s work on minimum wages links in with the Commission’s 2019–2024 priority on an economy that works for people. 

 

Key outputs

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Godišnji pregled minimalnih plaća za 2023. pripremljen je u kontekstu dosad nezabilježene inflacije u cijeloj Europi. Iako je to dovelo do velikih povećanja nominalnih stopa plaća u brojnim zemljama, u...

29 lipnja 2023
Publication
Research report
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This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The...

22 siječnja 2020
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A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have...

30 studenog 2018
Publication
Research report

Rad u tijeku

Eurofound redovito izvješćuje o plaćama u EU-u, uključujući godišnju studiju o tome kako su se minimalne plaće kretale u EU-u (te u Norveškoj i Ujedinjenoj Kraljevini), u kojoj se preispituje kako nacionalne vlade i socijalni partneri sudjeluju u utvrđivanju novih iznosa. Njome se također razmatra načelo plaće dostatne za život, čiji je cilj radnicima i njihovim obiteljima zajamčiti pristojan život i sudjelovanje u društvu kao odgovor na neprimjerenost dohotka mnogih zaposlenih kućanstava koja ovise o postojećim zakonskim minimalnim plaćama.

Kretanja u području plaća

U godišnjem izvješću o minimalnim plaćama za 2021. sažeto se prikazuje kako su minimalne plaće određivane tijekom 2020., godine obilježene pandemijom bolesti COVID-19. Iznosi se pregled poteškoća s kojima su se suočili nacionalni donositelji odluka te kako su odgovorili na izazove gospodarskog i socijalnog pada uzrokovanog pandemijom pri donošenju odluka u pogledu minimalne plaće. U izvješću se prikazuje u kojoj su mjeri minimalne plaće bile obuhvaćene mjerama potpore osiguranima zbog pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Raspravlja se o napretku ostvarenom u pogledu inicijative EU-a o primjerenoj minimalnoj plaći te se prikazuju reakcije socijalnih partnera na razini EU-a i nacionalnih donositelja odluka.

Eurofound je u okviru ranije studije o plaćama u Europi u 21. stoljeću istražio posljedice hipotetskog scenarija minimalne plaće usklađene na razini EU-a i utvrđene na razini od 60 % medijana nacionalnih plaća.

Učinak bolesti COVID-19 na osobe s niskim primanjima

Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 vjerojatno će utjecati na aktualnu raspravu o minimalnoj plaći jer se mnogi radnici koji pružaju osnovne usluge tijekom pandemije, kao što su radnici u maloprodaji, u lancima opskrbe hranom ili pružatelji skrbi, nalaze na dnu ljestvice plaća. Drugi radnici s niskim plaćama, kao što su radnici u sektoru smještaja i prehrane ili u sektoru rekreacije i zabave, prvi su pogođeni nezaposlenošću. Budući da je nezaposlenost u porastu, bit će važno vidjeti kako minimalne plaće mogu doprinijeti kombinaciji politika koje vlade i socijalni partneri trenutačno primjenjuju kako bi ublažili gospodarske i socijalne učinke. Internetska anketa Eurofounda pod nazivom Život, posao i COVID-19 pokazuje da gotovo polovina kućanstava već teško spaja kraj s krajem. Minimalne plaće mogle bi imati ulogu u politici u stabilizaciji dohodaka.

Minimalna plaća u odnosu na plaću dostatnu za život

Većina država članica EU-a ima zakonsku minimalnu plaću. S time povezan, ali različit koncept jest plaća dostatna za život, koja je namijenjena osiguravanju osnovnog, ali prihvatljivog životnog standarda za osobu koja je prima (a u nekim slučajevima i za uzdržavane članove kućanstva). Visina plaće dostatne za život temelji se na detaljnom, redovito ažuriranom izračunu troškova osnovnih usluga i robe potrebnih za osnovni životni standard, a djelomično odražava neprimjerenost važećih zakonskih minimuma u tu svrhu. Kampanje za plaće dostatne za život uglavnom su dobrovoljne i temelje se na zajedničkom radu koalicija interesnih skupina, sindikata i poslodavaca. Te kampanje mogu preuzeti ulogu zagovaranja (Irska) i akreditacijsku ulogu (UK), pri čemu su organizacije službeno akreditirane kao poslodavci koji isplaćuju plaće dostatne za život. U skladu s odredbama o pravednoj plaći utvrđenima u stupu socijalnih prava, cilj istraživanja Eurofounda jest tvorcima politika pružiti praktični vodič za koncept plaća dostatnih za život.

Pilot-projekt o promjenama minimalne plaće

Eurofound će na zahtjev Europskog parlamenta i Komisije provesti pilot-projekt o promjenama minimalne plaće u EU-u u razdoblju od 2021. do 2023. Za više informacija vidjeti odjeljak „Trenutačni rad” u nastavku.

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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Jakub Kostolný is a research support officer in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. He is responsible for data management, quality control and analysis in several work-related...

Research support officer,
Working life research unit
Publications results (28)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Godišnji pregled minimalnih plaća za 2023. pripremljen je u kontekstu dosad nezabilježene inflacije u cijeloj Europi. Iako je to dovelo do velikih povećanja nominalnih stopa plaća u brojnim zemljama, u mnogim slučajevima to nije bilo dovoljno da bi se zadržala kupovna moć radnika. Na temelju

29 June 2023

Ovo se izvješće provodi u kontekstu trogodišnjeg pilot-projekta (2021. – 2023.), „Uloga minimalne plaće u uspostavi univerzalnog jamstva za rad”, koji je Europska komisija povjerila Eurofoundu. Naglasak je na 3. modulu projekta, kojim se istražuju minimalne plaće i drugi oblici plaća za

30 November 2022

Nakon razdoblja opreznog određivanja minimalne plaće za 2021. nominalne stope značajno su porasle za 2022. jer su se negativne posljedice pandemije ublažile, a situacija u gospodarstvima i na tržištima rada poboljšala. U tom je kontekstu 20 od 21 države članice EU-a povisilo svoje zakonski propisane

15 June 2022

U ovom se izvješću sažeto prikazuje kako su tijekom 2020., godine obilježene pandemijom bolesti COVID-19, određene minimalne plaće za 2021. Iznosi se pregled poteškoća s kojima su se suočili donositelji odluka na nacionalnoj razini te kako su odgovorili na izazove gospodarskog i socijalnog pada

10 June 2021

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

This report sets out to describe what labour market segmentation is and why it is problematic for the labour market and society, as well as disadvantaged groups. It takes a broad view of the term to examine the situation that arises when the divergence in working conditions between different groups

02 December 2019

Upward convergence is a process whereby the performance of EU Member States in a given domain or range of domains is seen to improve while gaps between Member States reduce. Achieving upward convergence is of crucial importance to the EU, as the increase of disparities among Member States threatens

25 September 2019

Online resources results (117)

A look behind 80% bargaining coverage: What do collective agreements actually contain?

The EU Minimum Wage Directive stipulates that Member States should strive to achieve a collective bargaining coverage of 80%. While this is a very important step in promoting collective bargaining, new research by Eurofound shows that policymakers, should look behind this figure.

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea

10 siječnja 2024
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

Patterns and trends in social partner involvement in times of crises. 20-21 March 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Swedish Presidency, Stockholm. Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound.

23 ožujka 2023
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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

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Collective bargaining and social dialogue – Back to normal in 2021?

Two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, social dialogue continues to make a significant contribution to helping economies recover. Managing the crisis led many governments to rely on tripartite social dialogue to develop the policies that would mitigate the negative impact of the

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Minimum wages and minimum wage setting processes are not just issues of high political importance in Europe, but also everyday concerns for low-wage earners throughout the EU. In this episode of Eurofound Talks we speak with Senior Research Manager Christine Aumayr-Pintar on the importance of minimu

9 lipnja 2022
Podcast

Blogs results (10)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 lipnja 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 listopada 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 lipnja 2021
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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 listopada 2020
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Minimum wages, one of the cornerstone issues for Ursula von der Leyen’s Commission, were a hot topic in the EU at the beginning of the year. Then the COVID-19 public health crisis struck. Now, with an economic crisis and recession looming, the question is not only what impact the crisis has had on

7 srpnja 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 travnja 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 siječnja 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 srpnja 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 lipnja 2018
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 veljače 2017
Upcoming publications results (1)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024
Data results (9)

A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

15 veljače 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 veljače 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 veljače 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 veljače 2024

Eurofound selected a sample of 692 agreements to be included with complete information (fully coded) in the database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers.

15 veljače 2024

The database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers is available as interactive dashboard.

14 veljače 2024

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 siječnja 2024
Izvor:
Reference period:

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

29 lipnja 2023
Izvor:
Reference period:
Data catalogue

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