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Openbare diensten

Openbare diensten, zoals gezondheidszorg, onderwijs, maatschappelijke zorg en vervoer, zijn essentieel om een hoge mate van sociale bescherming, sociale samenhang en sociale inclusie te bereiken. In een veranderend maatschappelijk en demografisch landschap is het echter de kwaliteit van en de toegang tot openbare diensten die bepalend zijn voor hun succes.

De uitdaging voor beleidsmakers is de opzet en de verstrekking van gezondheidszorg en sociale voorzieningen te laten voldoen aan de uiteenlopende behoeften van burgers. Die uitdaging is in de afgelopen jaren moeilijker geworden door ernstige financiële beperkingen en door een toegenomen vraag, deels door de demografische vergrijzing en deels door de toestroom van vluchtelingen naar Europa. Naast de betaalbaarheid en de kwaliteit, duiken er nieuwe moeilijkheden op. Onder meer het risico dat nieuwe digitale kanalen voor dienstverlening reeds kansarme samenlevingen nog verder isoleren, alsook eventuele moeilijkheden om normen voor de toegang tot en de kwaliteit van diensten hoog te houden.

Het sociaal investeringspakket van de Commissie, dat in 2013 werd gelanceerd, spoort lidstaten aan om meer nadruk te leggen op openbare diensten van hoge kwaliteit. Daarnaast wordt in de strategie van de Commissie voor een digitale eengemaakte markt, goedgekeurd in 2015, het accent gelegd op het moderniseren van openbare diensten als een manier om het concurrentievermogen te vergroten. Het kiezen voor nieuwe technologieën, online openbare diensten en grensoverschrijdende interoperabiliteit is van essentieel belang om de kostenefficiëntie en kwaliteit van diensten te vergroten. In april 2017 lanceerde de Commissie het pakket over de Europese pijler van sociale rechten, waarvan enkele hoofdbeginselen zijn: toegang tot onderwijs van goede kwaliteit, opvang en onderwijs voor jonge kinderen, gezondheidszorg, sociale huisvesting en andere essentiële diensten.

Topic

Recent updates

Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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Child with parent visiting doctor © pressmaster/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective and free access to quality healthcare for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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EU context

Het werk van Eurofound

De Stichting onderzoekt de behoeften van de burgers in het algemeen en heeft daarbij speciale aandacht voor jongeren, ouderen, personen met lichamelijke of geestelijke gezondheidsproblemen en personen met een migrantenachtergrond. Ze monitort en analyseert veranderingen in openbare diensten als gevolg van budgettaire beperkingen, beleidsveranderingen, technologische vooruitgang en digitalisering. Aan de hand van uitgebreide casestudy's bestudeert de Stichting in het kader van haar onderzoek naar openbare diensten ook de zienswijzen van dienstverleners en hun respons op veranderende behoeften van de gebruikers.

Belangrijkste bijdragen

Bij de analyse in het kader van de Europese enquête naar de levenskwaliteit (EQLS) van de Stichting wordt gekeken naar de impact van de crisis op de Europese samenleving en hoe de Europeanen de kwaliteit van de samenleving en van de openbare diensten ervaren. In uitgebreide studies wordt nader ingegaan op enkele belangrijke thema's, zoals de effecten van de economische crisis en welzijnshervormingen op levensstandaarden en de kwaliteit van de samenleving.

Meer bepaald is, aan de hand van EQLS-gegevens, onderzoek verricht naar sociale ongelijkheden op vier kritieke terreinen: gezondheid, levensstandaard, productieve en persoonlijk gewaardeerde activiteiten en het leven in individueel, familie- en sociaal verband. Gezinnen zijn ook onderwerp van analyse geweest. Daarbij is gekeken naar de veranderende levenskwaliteit in de hele EU voor verschillende typen gezinnen met kinderen en zijn hun levensstandaard en maatschappelijke situatie vergeleken. 

Andere aandachtsgebieden waren de sociale en economische kosten en gevolgen van slechte huisvesting en de toegenomen particuliere levering van ziekenhuisdiensten in heel Europa. Verder is de impact van de groeiende instroom van mobiele burgers op de openbare diensten van de lidstaten van de EU onderwerp van debat geweest.

Maatregelen ter ondersteuning van de sociale inclusie van jongeren en ervaringen met de toepassing van de jongerengarantie waren belangrijke thema's voor de Stichting. Daarnaast hebben de toegang tot opvang en onderwijs voor jonge kinderen en de kwaliteit van dergelijke diensten meer aandacht gekregen in de beleidsdiscussie op EU-niveau en stonden ze ook centraal in het onderzoek van de Stichting.

Met behulp van gegevens uit de vierde EQLS (2016) zal de Stichting in het kader van haar onderzoek bestuderen hoe goed openbare diensten tegemoetkomen aan de behoeften van maatschappelijke groepen, om beleidsmakers te helpen voorzien in adequate en passende sociale voorzieningen. De Stichting zal zich buigen over de impact van de digitalisering over maatschappelijke en geografische grenzen heen, door te bestuderen hoe nieuwe technologieën de opzet en de verstrekking van gezondheidszorg en sociale voorzieningen kunnen ondersteunen.

Social inclusion: Protecting young people and children

Measures to support the social inclusion of young people and experience of the implementation of the reinforced Youth Guarantee have been important topics for Eurofound. In addition, access to early childhood education and care services and the quality of such services have been gaining greater prominence in the EU policy debate around the European Child Guarantee and have also been the focus of Eurofound research.

Focus on various public services

Other areas of interest for Eurofound include housing unaffordability and inadequacy, as well as household over-indebtedness and debt advisory services. Research has also explored access to energy, public transport and digital communications for people on low incomes. 

Future research will focus on mental health services and services facilitating independent living. Furthermore, the impact of the inflow of mobile citizens on the public services of EU Member States will be an important consideration.

Key outputs

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The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in...

21 september 2023
Publication
Policy brief

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Examining services for labour market integration of people with disabilities based on data from the EQLS 2016 to support policymaking in designing relevant and efficient services
    • Mapping developments in advisory for household debt in EU countries as well as identifying barriers to access these services to combat poverty and assessing take-up
    • Analysing differences and inequalities in access to social services of general interest in the EU and assessing the nature and extent of convergence/divergence

     

    Eurofound expert(s)

    hans-dubois-2023.png

    Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

    Senior research manager,
    Social policies research unit
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    Daniel Molinuevo is a research manager in the Social Policies unit, having joined Eurofound in 2010. His research on health and social care has focused on the quality and...

    Research manager,
    Social policies research unit
    Publications results (103)

    The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

    18 October 2023

    The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

    21 September 2023

    In dit verslag wordt ingegaan op de gevolgen van de COVID-19-crisis voor sociale voorzieningen in de EU. Hoewel de pandemie negatieve gevolgen heeft gehad voor sociale voorzieningen, kunnen er tegelijkertijd lessen uit worden getrokken met het oog op de aanpassing van deze voorzieningen aan nieuwe

    16 August 2023

    In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

    07 September 2022

    A new European Disability Strategy was launched in 2021 with the aim of intensifying progress on ensuring the full participation of people with disabilities in society. The increase of EU policy focus on people with disabilities is timely: the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the challenges they faced in

    21 March 2022

    In dit verslag wordt ingegaan op de gevolgen van de COVID-19-crisis voor de levenskwaliteit van oudere burgers, met inbegrip van de gevolgen voor hun welzijn, financiën, werkgelegenheid en sociale inclusie. Er wordt gekeken naar de gevolgen voor het beroep dat wordt gedaan op zorgdiensten en de

    28 January 2022

    The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and

    30 September 2021

    In dit verslag worden de beleidsontwikkelingen in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht die gericht zijn op de bevordering van de inclusie van personen met een handicap op de open arbeidsmarkt. Daarbij wordt met name aandacht besteed aan de drie stadia van de indiensttreding, het behoud van de baan en de

    19 April 2021

    The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the accessibility of health, education and care services for all Europeans. This is also the case for children, who in several countries have seen their schools closed and replaced with remote learning. They have been affected, too, by the pandemic

    28 January 2021

    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

    14 December 2020

    Online resources results (53)

    Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

    The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional

    Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

    Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

    Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

    Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

    Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

    Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

    Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

    Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

    Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

    France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

    In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.


    Blogs results (7)

    Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

    24 oktober 2023
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    The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

    5 mei 2022
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    Healthcare providers have been overwhelmed by the demand for COVID-19-related care. Medical appointments and treatments for other conditions have often been delayed, potentially leading to escalating health problems and greater future care needs among those who have missed out. If the pandemic leads

    18 januari 2021
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    An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

    2 december 2020
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    Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

    8 mei 2019
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    Austerity measures introduced during the crisis have disproportionately concerned cuts in the measures that are most vital for reducing child poverty: cash and tax benefits, a new Eurofound report shows. Furthermore, there has been a move away from universal coverage towards more targeted support

    3 februari 2016
    Upcoming publications results (1)

    Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

    September 2024
    Data results (2)
    7 november 2023
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    24 oktober 2023
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