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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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W przedmiotowym sprawozdaniu przedstawiono badania Eurofound dotyczące telepracy podczas pandemii COVID 19 w 2020 i 2021 r. Przeanalizowano zmiany w częstotliwości występowania telepracy, warunki pracy pracowników pracujących z domu oraz...

8 Grudzień 2022
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Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

This report examines three key programmes that demonstrate practical initiatives for ecorenovation designed with the twin objectives of creating jobs and improving the environment. These were presented at a conference on ‘Eco-Renovation - Jobs and the Environment’ held in Copenhagen in September

15 February 2009

This report explores how organisations in Finland design and implement employment policies in response to changing internal needs of the organisation and a range of pressures in the external environment. It also assesses how these policies shape working conditions for different groups of employees.

04 February 2009

This report provides a snapshot of working conditions in the EU road freight transport sector, the trends and developments shaping the industry and the issues of concern. Based on analyses from the 15 Member States, the aim of this consolidated report is to analyse the work and employment conditions

30 March 2004

This report compares the work situation of permanent workers and those in 'non-standard' employment: part-time jobs, non-permanent employment and self-employment. It covers aspects such as working time, task flexibility, skills development, physical risk factors and psycho-social demands. Its

14 June 2002

Foundation papers aim to highlight knowledge and analysis emanating from the Foundation’s research themes: employment, equal opportunities, social inclusion, time use and diversity. The objective of the papers is to make past, present and future work of the Foundation relevant and accessible in a

12 March 2002

Online resources results (89)

Confusion reigns over working time reduction

An experiment carried out recently by Uniroyal, the tyre firm, highlights the uncertainties involved in Belgian company agreements on the reduction of working time. After a two-week strike, the workers agreed in June 1998 to give up the 32-hour week, paid as 35 hours, introduced at the beginning of

Initial assessment of the 1997 labour reform

Over a year after April 1997's major reform of the labour market in Spain, the Government and employers believe that progress is being made towards creating employment. The trade unions, on the other hand, stress what they see as the inadequacies of the reform and the continuing insecurity of

Out-of-court deal allows unpaid extension of weekly hours at Viessmann

Viessmann, a family-owned heating equipment business which employs roughly 6,500 employees, is a member of the Hessen regional metalworking employers' association, Verband der Metall- und Elektro-unternehmen Hessen eV. After 450 employees were made redundant in 1995, Viessmann did not plan further

New IG Metall initiative demands further reduction in working time

From 7-9 May 1998 the German metalworkers' trade union, IG Metall, held a conference with about 460 participants (mainly union workplace representatives and local trade union officers) to discuss the union's positions on future working time policy. In the run-up to the conference, the board of IG

Austrian survey reveals patterns of parental leave

Commissioned by the Public Employment Service (Arbeitsmarktservice, AMS), the Institute of Demographics at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, ÖAW) has produced a detailed study on the use and effects of parental leave. The legislation on parental leave has

Opel Belgium: more flexible work organisation reduces redundancies

The dispute surrounding the closure of the Renault Vilvoorde plant (EU9704118F [1]) had barely been settled and the emotions aroused by the closure were still raw when, in October 1997, the management of Opel Belgium in turn announced a new slimming down of the 7,800-strong workforce at its plant in

Debis AG agreement a first in industry-related services

Against the background of rapid structural changes, the sectoral demarcations of traditional collective bargaining units correspond less and less with current economic structures. On the contrary, the development of new branches often creates new economic areas which are not covered by any

Contracting-out leads to public transport strike

Public transport employees went on strike in Helsinki on 2-8 February 1998 in a dispute arising from the contracting-out of public services. The sector's social partners reached an agreement after the confederations - SAK for the unions and and TT for the employers - joined in the negotiations. The

Maritime unions divided over ending of cabotage

Since early January 1998, the Greek shipping industry has been facing serious problems, with workers mobilising strongly and making numerous demands, while at the same time being divided over several issues. A key factor in the current difficulties is the ending of the system of "cabotage", whereby

Italy's system of social shock absorbers examined

Owing to the use of "social shock absorbers" to ease the blow of redundancies, the restructuring of Italian industry - especially in the 1980s - has proceeded without excessive social costs, though with substantial economic costs to the state. A reform of these measures is envisaged as part of the


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Marzec 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Grudzień 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Grudzień 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 Listopad 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

6 Czerwiec 2018
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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Czerwiec 2018

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