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Condiciones de trabajo y trabajo sostenible

Las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible son una de las seis actividades principales del programa de trabajo de Eurofound para el período 2021-2024. Eurofound seguirá funcionando como centro de conocimientos especializados para el seguimiento y el análisis de los avances que se cosechen en este ámbito, incluida la manera en que la crisis de la COVID-19 ha repercutido en las condiciones laborales y la calidad del empleo, así como en las prácticas en el lugar de trabajo.

Durante el período 2021-2024, Eurofound proporcionará información importante sobre los retos y las perspectivas relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible en la UE. Basándose en la larga experiencia adquirida en este ámbito, Eurofound examinará las tendencias y los avances a lo largo del tiempo e identificará las preocupaciones emergentes en torno a las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo. El análisis abarcará diferentes países, sectores, ocupaciones y grupos de trabajadores sobre cuestiones como la organización del trabajo y el teletrabajo , el horario laboral , el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal , la igualdad de trato , la salud y el bienestar en el lugar de trabajo , las cualificaciones y la formación , los ingresos y las perspectivas y la satisfacción en el trabajo. Se prestará especial atención a las formas de empleo atípicas , en particular al trabajo por cuenta propia.

A la luz del reto demográfico que suponen para la UE el envejecimiento de la población y la creciente diversidad de la vida laboral, Eurofound continuará explorando los factores que permiten que un mayor número de trabajadores se mantenga laboralmente activo durante más tiempo. También se centrará en mejorar la calidad del empleo como factor propiciador de una mayor participación en el mercado laboral y en incrementar la motivación de los empleados, para así contribuir a un trabajo sostenible a lo largo de la vida.

Los vínculos entre trabajo y salud se investigarán en estrecha consulta con la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo (EU-OSHA). Eurofound pretende intensificar su colaboración con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) en cuestiones relacionadas con el futuro del trabajo y las condiciones laborales a nivel mundial.

 

Es una buena noticia en general, porque las condiciones de trabajo en la Unión Europea están mejorando, aunque muy lentamente; lo que nos preocupa es que esta mejora no alcance a todos los grupos de trabajadores. Depende en gran medida del sector en el que se trabaje, depende del nivel de estudios y, francamente, también depende de si eres hombre o mujer».

— Barbara Gerstenberger, jefa de la Unidad de Vida Laboral

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Principales mensajes políticos

Infografía 2021

Las principales conclusiones de la investigación de Eurofound sirven de base para que los responsables políticos aborden algunas de las cuestiones clave en este ámbito.

  • La mejora de las condiciones de trabajo es crucial para los trabajadores y las empresas. Es preciso considerar muchos aspectos diferentes de la calidad del empleo. Los empleos de buena calidad permiten a las personas desarrollar vidas laborales más largas y mejores, contribuyendo al trabajo sostenible y a un equilibrio positivo entre la vida laboral y la personal.
  • En general, las condiciones de trabajo en la UE están mejorando, aunque el ritmo de los avances sea gradual. El progreso no ha sido tan rápido para algunos grupos de trabajadores: depende del tipo de contrato de trabajo, del sector y del nivel educativo alcanzado.
  • Hay muchas maneras de mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo en la UE. Sin duda, los gobiernos tienen un papel importante que desempeñar en el establecimiento del marco por medio de la regulación. Pero también los trabajadores, los empleadores y sus organizaciones son agentes importantes. Para muchas dimensiones de la calidad del empleo, el lugar de trabajo es donde se produce el cambio.
  • Solo una quinta parte de las empresas europeas han encontrado el secreto para lograr un nivel óptimo de bienestar y rendimiento empresarial en el lugar de trabajo. Se ha demostrado que los lugares de trabajo de «alta inversión y alta participación» ofrecen los mejores resultados a los trabajadores y a los empleadores, impulsando el rendimiento y mejorando la calidad del empleo mediante el aumento de la autonomía de los empleados, la potenciación de la participación de los trabajadores y la promoción de la formación y el aprendizaje.
  • Muchas personas tienen dificultades para conciliar los compromisos laborales y no laborales, en particular los padres y otros cuidadores. Si bien las modalidades de trabajo flexibles pueden ayudar a abordar estos problemas, también plantean retos. El teletrabajo, por ejemplo, ofrece más libertad para elegir cuándo y dónde trabajar, pero también puede traducirse en jornadas laborales más largas e intensas y en una mayor dificultad para desconectar del trabajo.
  • El aumento del teletrabajo durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto la difuminación de la línea entre trabajo y vida personal. Muchos gobiernos e interlocutores sociales están debatiendo iniciativas sobre el «derecho a desconectar» para evitar que amplios segmentos de trabajadores corran el riesgo de sufrir agotamiento físico y emocional.
  • En el futuro, los interlocutores sociales deberían tratar de incluir disposiciones para los trabajadores sobre el carácter voluntario del teletrabajo o la idoneidad de tareas específicas para el teletrabajo en cualquier marco jurídico o acuerdo. También será esencial aclarar cómo pueden contribuir los empleadores a los gastos asociados al trabajo desde casa, así como las garantías de igualdad salarial y acceso a la formación de quienes teletrabajan.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

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Publications results (566)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse collection of workers ensured the functioning of our societies. In a time of crisis, they maintained access to healthcare, long-term care and other essential goods and services, including food, water, electricity, the internet and waste treatment.

10 October 2023

El término «trabajo híbrido» se popularizó con el auge del teletrabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19, cuando las empresas y los empleados empezaron a debatir formas de organizar el trabajo después de la crisis. El término se viene utilizando cada vez más para referirse a situaciones en las que el

25 May 2023

El año 2022 se inició con un optimismo prudente. Europa estaba saliendo de dos años de la pandemia de COVID-19, y NextGenerationEU estableció un plan para una recuperación que construya un futuro fuerte y sostenible. Sin embargo, el ataque ruso a Ucrania a principios de año cambió radicalmente la

04 May 2023

El informe explora escenarios plausibles e imaginables en los que se examina cómo podrían haberse desarrollado el teletrabajo y el trabajo híbrido en la UE en 2035, y sus implicaciones para el mundo laboral. ¿Hasta qué punto están preparados los directivos y los trabajadores, las organizaciones

28 April 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

El presente informe presenta los estudios realizados por Eurofound sobre el teletrabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en 2020 y 2021. Analiza los cambios en la incidencia del teletrabajo, las condiciones de laborales experimentadas por quienes trabajan desde casa y los cambios en la normativa que

08 December 2022

Las estrictas restricciones de salud pública aplicadas por los gobiernos en 2020 para controlar la pandemia de COVID-19 cambiaron bruscamente la vida laboral y siguieron configurándola a lo largo de los dos años siguientes. Entre marzo y noviembre de 2021, se realizaron más de 70 000 entrevistas en

29 November 2022

Online resources results (1778)
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15 Abril 2024

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Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 Enero 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Octubre 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

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Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)

There is no one future of work for all jobs – policymakers will have their work cut out to ensure that remote and platform working, artificial intelligence and climate change policies will benefit and not disadvantage workers.

2 Mayo 2024

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Enero 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic made us acutely aware of how dependent our society is on certain essential workers. We felt deep gratitude towards workers in healthcare especially, because they worked ceaselessly in often-difficult conditions.

22 Noviembre 2023

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Octubre 2023
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Women and frontline workers are most exposed to the risks of adverse social behaviour at work, such as burnout, exhaustion, anxiety and depression. This is according to the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS). In this data story, we dive into EWCTS data (EU27) to examine the

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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Enero 2023
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Telework has become a permanent feature of working life in Europe. While we’ve seen the benefits of more flexible ways of working – particularly during the pandemic – the problems that arise from an increasingly connected life are also becoming clearer. Unfortunately, legislation alone may not be

13 Julio 2022
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The answer is yes – potentially. Assessing the environmental benefits of telework is a complex task, because any move to work from home involves a series of changes in individuals’ daily lives and activities, as well as company-level decisions, that may positively or negatively influence the level

23 Junio 2022
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As we leave behind the lockdowns and business disruptions of COVID-19 and enter a ‘new normal’, it is time to talk about how workplaces might be transformed to drive innovation. Some may baulk at this suggestion, as we continue to grapple with the pandemic fallout, but crises have always been a

28 Junio 2021
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COVID-19 has shown that some things can hit us out of the blue. The pandemic sent a shockwave through businesses all over the world and has brought massive changes to work organisation, internal communication and day-to-day operations for many companies. Doubtless, the depth of the pandemic’s impact

21 Junio 2021

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

June 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

May 2024
Data results (1)

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