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Condiciones de trabajo y trabajo sostenible

Las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible son una de las seis actividades principales del programa de trabajo de Eurofound para el período 2021-2024. Eurofound seguirá funcionando como centro de conocimientos especializados para el seguimiento y el análisis de los avances que se cosechen en este ámbito, incluida la manera en que la crisis de la COVID-19 ha repercutido en las condiciones laborales y la calidad del empleo, así como en las prácticas en el lugar de trabajo.

Durante el período 2021-2024, Eurofound proporcionará información importante sobre los retos y las perspectivas relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible en la UE. Basándose en la larga experiencia adquirida en este ámbito, Eurofound examinará las tendencias y los avances a lo largo del tiempo e identificará las preocupaciones emergentes en torno a las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo. El análisis abarcará diferentes países, sectores, ocupaciones y grupos de trabajadores sobre cuestiones como la organización del trabajo y el teletrabajo , el horario laboral , el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal , la igualdad de trato , la salud y el bienestar en el lugar de trabajo , las cualificaciones y la formación , los ingresos y las perspectivas y la satisfacción en el trabajo. Se prestará especial atención a las formas de empleo atípicas , en particular al trabajo por cuenta propia.

A la luz del reto demográfico que suponen para la UE el envejecimiento de la población y la creciente diversidad de la vida laboral, Eurofound continuará explorando los factores que permiten que un mayor número de trabajadores se mantenga laboralmente activo durante más tiempo. También se centrará en mejorar la calidad del empleo como factor propiciador de una mayor participación en el mercado laboral y en incrementar la motivación de los empleados, para así contribuir a un trabajo sostenible a lo largo de la vida.

Los vínculos entre trabajo y salud se investigarán en estrecha consulta con la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo (EU-OSHA). Eurofound pretende intensificar su colaboración con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) en cuestiones relacionadas con el futuro del trabajo y las condiciones laborales a nivel mundial.

 

Es una buena noticia en general, porque las condiciones de trabajo en la Unión Europea están mejorando, aunque muy lentamente; lo que nos preocupa es que esta mejora no alcance a todos los grupos de trabajadores. Depende en gran medida del sector en el que se trabaje, depende del nivel de estudios y, francamente, también depende de si eres hombre o mujer».

— Barbara Gerstenberger, jefa de la Unidad de Vida Laboral

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Principales mensajes políticos

Infografía 2021

Las principales conclusiones de la investigación de Eurofound sirven de base para que los responsables políticos aborden algunas de las cuestiones clave en este ámbito.

  • La mejora de las condiciones de trabajo es crucial para los trabajadores y las empresas. Es preciso considerar muchos aspectos diferentes de la calidad del empleo. Los empleos de buena calidad permiten a las personas desarrollar vidas laborales más largas y mejores, contribuyendo al trabajo sostenible y a un equilibrio positivo entre la vida laboral y la personal.
  • En general, las condiciones de trabajo en la UE están mejorando, aunque el ritmo de los avances sea gradual. El progreso no ha sido tan rápido para algunos grupos de trabajadores: depende del tipo de contrato de trabajo, del sector y del nivel educativo alcanzado.
  • Hay muchas maneras de mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo en la UE. Sin duda, los gobiernos tienen un papel importante que desempeñar en el establecimiento del marco por medio de la regulación. Pero también los trabajadores, los empleadores y sus organizaciones son agentes importantes. Para muchas dimensiones de la calidad del empleo, el lugar de trabajo es donde se produce el cambio.
  • Solo una quinta parte de las empresas europeas han encontrado el secreto para lograr un nivel óptimo de bienestar y rendimiento empresarial en el lugar de trabajo. Se ha demostrado que los lugares de trabajo de «alta inversión y alta participación» ofrecen los mejores resultados a los trabajadores y a los empleadores, impulsando el rendimiento y mejorando la calidad del empleo mediante el aumento de la autonomía de los empleados, la potenciación de la participación de los trabajadores y la promoción de la formación y el aprendizaje.
  • Muchas personas tienen dificultades para conciliar los compromisos laborales y no laborales, en particular los padres y otros cuidadores. Si bien las modalidades de trabajo flexibles pueden ayudar a abordar estos problemas, también plantean retos. El teletrabajo, por ejemplo, ofrece más libertad para elegir cuándo y dónde trabajar, pero también puede traducirse en jornadas laborales más largas e intensas y en una mayor dificultad para desconectar del trabajo.
  • El aumento del teletrabajo durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto la difuminación de la línea entre trabajo y vida personal. Muchos gobiernos e interlocutores sociales están debatiendo iniciativas sobre el «derecho a desconectar» para evitar que amplios segmentos de trabajadores corran el riesgo de sufrir agotamiento físico y emocional.
  • En el futuro, los interlocutores sociales deberían tratar de incluir disposiciones para los trabajadores sobre el carácter voluntario del teletrabajo o la idoneidad de tareas específicas para el teletrabajo en cualquier marco jurídico o acuerdo. También será esencial aclarar cómo pueden contribuir los empleadores a los gastos asociados al trabajo desde casa, así como las garantías de igualdad salarial y acceso a la formación de quienes teletrabajan.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Publications results (567)

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse collection of workers ensured the functioning of our societies. In a time of crisis, they maintained access to healthcare, long-term care and other essential goods and services, including food, water, electricity, the internet and waste treatment.

10 October 2023

El término «trabajo híbrido» se popularizó con el auge del teletrabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19, cuando las empresas y los empleados empezaron a debatir formas de organizar el trabajo después de la crisis. El término se viene utilizando cada vez más para referirse a situaciones en las que el

25 May 2023

El año 2022 se inició con un optimismo prudente. Europa estaba saliendo de dos años de la pandemia de COVID-19, y NextGenerationEU estableció un plan para una recuperación que construya un futuro fuerte y sostenible. Sin embargo, el ataque ruso a Ucrania a principios de año cambió radicalmente la

04 May 2023

El informe explora escenarios plausibles e imaginables en los que se examina cómo podrían haberse desarrollado el teletrabajo y el trabajo híbrido en la UE en 2035, y sus implicaciones para el mundo laboral. ¿Hasta qué punto están preparados los directivos y los trabajadores, las organizaciones

28 April 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

El presente informe presenta los estudios realizados por Eurofound sobre el teletrabajo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en 2020 y 2021. Analiza los cambios en la incidencia del teletrabajo, las condiciones de laborales experimentadas por quienes trabajan desde casa y los cambios en la normativa que

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Online resources results (1778)

Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Collective agreements in the metal industry, the settlement of a dispute in a transport company, a new law on posting of workers and figures on workplace accidents are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

Belgium: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Strikes over the government’s austerity measures, agreements providing better conditions for prison guards and more stability for temporary workers, and the end of the ‘wage index jump’ are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The strong stability of industrial relations in the face of controversy over migration policies, the rise of right-wing populist campaigns and responses to the vote on Brexit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Denmark: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The debate on EU membership sparked by the Brexit referendum, the current state of tripartite negotiations on the integration of refugees and an occupational health and safety case at Siemens Wind Power are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Conflicts in the public sector, improved minimum wages, union representation for Ukrainian migrant workers and concerns about the consequences of Brexit for Polish workers in the UK are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Deterioration of social dialogue, discontent among public sector workers after the police wage increase, small wins for workers and vocational education and training priorities are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Malta: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The debate about whether to increase the minimum wage and social partners’ reactions to proposals to change the composition of the Industrial Tribunal are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Malta in the second

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Personnel changes and new proposals at federal level, the integration of refugees, entitlements to education and child support, and the results of collective bargaining are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Austria

Slovenia: Police end a six-month strike following agreement

A six-month strike by police officers was suspended in June. The agreement between the government and police unions gives pay rises to police officers amounting to between 8% and 20% by 2018. However, it has struck a blow to unity of the public sector wage system.


Blogs results (61)
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 Febrero 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Noviembre 2018
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 Noviembre 2018
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 Noviembre 2018
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 Octubre 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Junio 2018
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 Junio 2018
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 Junio 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Junio 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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