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Løn og indkomst

Løn og indkomst er af central betydning for beskæftigelsesrelationer og livskvalitet. Spørgsmålet har fået endnu større opmærksomhed på EU-niveau på grund af de udviklinger, som krisen har betydet for økonomien og samfundet som helhed.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

I den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder opstilles EU's forpligtelser vedrørende lønninger: arbejdstageres ret til en rimelig løn, der giver mulighed for en ordentlig levestandard, sikring af tilstrækkelige mindstelønninger og forebyggelse af fattigdom blandt personer i arbejde.

Eurofounds arbejde

Eurofound aflægger regelmæssigt rapport om forskellige aspekter af løn og indkomst i lyset af de ændrede økonomiske omstændigheder rundt om i Europa.

Overvågning af lønninger

Gennem sit Europæiske Observatorium for Arbejdslivet (EurWORK) samler Eurofound en række forskellige oplysninger om løn. De regelmæssige rapporter skaber en længere række af iagttagelser af kollektivt aftalt løn, så det bliver muligt at overvåge tendenser. Eurofound offentliggør regelmæssige relevante ajourføringer om lovbestemt mindsteløn og kollektivt aftalt løn. Eurofound overvåger ligeledes udviklingen på nationalt plan vedrørende lønfastsættelsesmekanismer, ligeløn, variabel løn, lav løn og kønsbestemte lønforskelle.

Landeprofiler om arbejdslivet indeholder oplysninger om løn på nationalt plan og ajourføres regelmæssigt. EurWORK har to databaser om løn (se ressourcer nedenfor).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) vurderer ændringer i beskæftigelsen fordelt på erhverv i henhold til forskellige kvalitative foranstaltninger, inklusive løn. Den bidrager navnlig til vores viden om fænomenet beskæftigelsespolarisering – det vil sige i hvilken udstrækning væksten i beskæftigelsen vil være større i toppen og bunden af lønfordelingen end i midten.

Undersøgelsesdata

Eurofounds undersøgelser vedrører også lønforhold i EU. Løn er et centralt aspekt for Eurofounds forskning med henblik på vurdering af arbejdets kvalitet. I den europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) er indtjening en af de syv indikatorer for jobkvalitet. EWCS rapporterer også om kønsbestemte lønforskelle. Se EWCS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske livskvalitetsundersøgelse (EQLS) bruges til at overvåge indkomstens betydning for levestandarder, og hvordan indkomstulighed hænger sammen med social samhørighed og velvære. Den analyserer, hvordan krisen har påvirket familier, og kigger på lavindkomstfamilier, husholdningernes gældsætning og de grupper, der risikerer at havne i fattigdom. EQLS samler også oplysninger om indkomst i pensionsalderen og mulighederne for at forlænge arbejdslivet. Se EQLS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske virksomhedsundersøgelse (ECS) ser nærmere på brugen af variable aflønningsordninger i virksomheder og organisationer, samt i hvilken udstrækning disse virksomheders og organisationers medarbejdere er omfattet af kollektive lønaftaler. Undersøgelsen gør det muligt at kæde oplysninger om variabel løn og lønforhandlinger sammen med oplysninger om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, forvaltning af menneskelige ressourcer, direkte medarbejderdeltagelse og social dialog samt resultater og velvære på arbejdspladsen.

Key outputs

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Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs...

24 januar 2023
Publication
Research report
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Denne rapport undersøger fordelingen af husstandenes velstand i EU’s medlemsstater og analyserer den rolle, som velstand spiller for den sociale mobilitet. Ved hjælp af data fra tre datasæt (undersøgelsen af...

30 marts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle lønninger i mange lande, var det i mange tilfælde ikke nok til at fastholde arbejdstagernes købekraft. På grundlag af

29 June 2023

For dyre boliger giver anledning til stor bekymring i EU. Det fører til hjemløshed, usikre boligforhold, økonomisk belastning og utilstrækkelige boliger. Det forhindrer også unge mennesker i at flytte hjemmefra. Disse problemer påvirker folks sundhed og velbefindende, er udtryk for ulige levevilkår

30 May 2023

Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs af forskellige områder af tilværelsen. Ved hjælp af indikatorer fra EU's

24 January 2023

Denne rapport gennemføres inden for rammerne af det treårige pilotprojekt (2021-2023), "Mindstelønnens rolle i forbindelse med indførelse af en universel arbejdsgaranti", som Europa-Kommissionen har uddelegeret til Eurofound. Der fokuseres på projektets modul 3, som undersøger mindstelønninger og

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Efter en behersket runde med fastsættelse af mindstelønninger for 2021 steg de nominelle satser betydeligt i 2022, efterhånden som de negative konsekvenser af pandemien aftog, og økonomierne og arbejdsmarkederne rettede sig. I den forbindelse hævede 20 af de 21 EU-medlemsstater med lovbestemte

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Slovenia: Cross-border workers create new union

With more than 20,000 Slovenian workers travelling daily to work in Austria, Slovenian cross-border workers have established a new trade union to fight double taxation.

Ireland: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The first General Election since Ireland exited the bailout programme, continuing local pay bargaining and a six-day strike over pay at light rail tram company Luas are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in

United Kingdom: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The forthcoming referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union and the UK’s productivity gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first quarter of 2016.

Czech Republic: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Positive trends in economic performance (raising the issue of an imbalance between cheap labour and productivity), measures to deal with disadvantaged groups on the labour market, and equal pay are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Italy: New Stability Law extends range of tax-exempt benefits

Italy’s 2016 Stability Law supports the uptake of private welfare measures by extending the types of tax-exempt benefits offered by employers to include those agreed through collective bargaining.

Cyprus: Report analyses impact of crisis and adjustment programme

The annual economic report of the Cyprus Labour Institute concludes that fiscal adjustment had negative effects on GDP, employment and the unemployment rate, diverted resources from social uses towards servicing public debt, and caused a sharp deterioration in living conditions.

Finland: Immigrant employment – debate and action

Social partners seek to facilitate the integration of immigrants, but trade unions dismiss proposals for reduced salaries for unqualified immigrants.

Norway: Employer confederations seek minimum wage for refugees and immigrants

There is no national statutory minimum wage in Norway. However, several employer confederations have taken an initiative to introduce a minimum wage in relation to the current refugee situation.

Croatia: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

​The election of Croatia’s new Prime Minister and government, and serious challenges to public finance over public-sector wages are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Croatia in the first quarter of 2016.

Slovenia: Controversy over amendments to the Minimum Wage Act

The definition of the minimum wage in Slovenia was changed at the end of November 2015. From 1 January 2016, the allowances for unfavourable working time (night, Sunday and holiday work) are exempted from it and paid separately. Trade unions are pleased, but employer organisations were outraged and


Blogs results (22)
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 februar 2017
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More than one in 10 employees in the EU are employed on temporary contracts, but a majority of them would prefer a permanent contract. Temporary contracts help employers to manage their labour demand, but there are downsides for employees, such as job insecurity and lower pay.

19 februar 2016

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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