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Löhne und Gehälter

Löhne und Gehälter sind von zentraler Bedeutung für die Arbeitsbeziehungen und Lebensqualität. Diesem Thema wurde auf EU-Ebene wegen der krisenbedingten Entwicklungen in der Wirtschaft und in der Gesellschaft insgesamt noch mehr Beachtung geschenkt.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Januar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 Die EU legt in der europäischen Säule sozialer Rechte ihre Verpflichtungen in Bezug auf Löhne dar: Recht der Arbeitnehmer auf faire Löhne, die einen angemessenen Lebensstandard ermöglichen, Gewährleistung ausreichender Mindestlöhne, Verhinderung von Armut trotz Erwerbstätigkeit.

Tätigkeiten von Eurofound

Angesichts der sich verändernden wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Europa berichtet Eurofound regelmäßig über verschiedene Aspekte der Lohn- und Gehaltsentwicklung.

Überwachung der Lohnentwicklung

Über die Europäische Beobachtungsstelle für das Arbeitsleben (EurWORK) stellt Eurofound eine Reihe von Informationen zur Lohnentwicklung zusammen. Durch die regelmäßige Berichterstattung können längere Beobachtungszeitreihen zu tarifvertraglich vereinbarten Löhnen angelegt werden, sodass eine Überwachung der Tendenzen möglich ist. Eurofound veröffentlicht regelmäßig aktuelle Berichte über die gesetzlichen Mindestlöhne und tarifvertraglich vereinbarten Löhne. Außerdem werden nationale Entwicklungen in den Bereichen Mechanismen der Lohnfestsetzung, gleiches Arbeitsentgelt, variables Arbeitsentgelt, Niedriglohn und geschlechtsspezifisches Lohngefälle überwacht.

Die Länderprofile zum Arbeitsleben enthalten regelmäßig aktualisierte Informationen über Arbeitsentgelte auf nationaler Ebene. EurWORK führt zwei Datenbanken über die Lohnentwicklung (siehe nachstehende Ressourcen).

Der Europäische Jobmonitor (EJM) von Eurofound beurteilt Verschiebungen der Beschäftigung nach Tätigkeit auf Basis verschiedener qualitativer Messungen einschließlich der Lohnentwicklung. Insbesondere liefert er weitere Erkenntnisse über das Phänomen der Beschäftigungspolarisierung – d. h., inwieweit das Beschäftigungswachstum am oberen und unteren Ende der Lohnskala größer ist als in der Mitte.  

Erhebungsdaten

Im Rahmen der von Eurofound durchgeführten Erhebungen werden auch die Entlohnungsbedingungen in der EU überwacht. Die Entlohnung spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Forschungsarbeit von Eurofound zur Bewertung der Arbeitsqualität. In der Europäischen Erhebung über die Arbeitsbedingungen (EWCS) bildet das Einkommen einen von sieben Indizes zur Arbeitsplatzqualität. Die EWCS enthält auch Informationen über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bei der Entlohnung. Weiterführende Informationen liefert das interaktive Tool zur Datenvisualisierung für die EWCS.

Die Europäische Erhebung zur Lebensqualität (EQLS) beobachtet die Auswirkungen des Einkommens auf den Lebensstandard und geht der Frage nach, in welchem Zusammenhang Einkommensunterschiede mit dem sozialen Zusammenhalt und Wohlbefinden stehen. Sie analysiert, wie sich die Krise vor allem auf einkommensschwache Familien, Haushaltsschulden und von Armut bedrohte Gruppen ausgewirkt hat. Im Rahmen der EQLS werden auch Informationen über das Einkommen im Ruhestand und Möglichkeiten zur Verlängerung des Arbeitslebens erfasst. Weiterführende Informationen liefert das interaktive Tool zur Datenvisualisierung für die EQLS.

Die Europäische Unternehmenserhebung (ECS) erfasst die Anwendung variabler Vergütungssysteme in Betrieben sowie die Zahl der Arbeitnehmer in diesen Betrieben, die unter Tarifverträge fallen. Die Erhebung bietet die Möglichkeit, die Informationen über variable Lohnzahlungen und Lohnverhandlungen mit Informationen über die Arbeitsorganisation, Personalverwaltung, direkte Mitarbeiterbeteiligung und den Sozialdialog sowie mit der Leistung und dem Wohlbefinden am Arbeitsplatz zu verknüpfen.

Key outputs

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Der Bericht über Mindestlöhne im Jahr 2023 wurde vor dem Hintergrund einer beispiellosen Inflation in ganz Europa erstellt. Obwohl im Zuge der Inflation die Nominallöhne in vielen Ländern angeboten wurden...

29 Juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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In diesem Bericht wird die Verteilung des Haushaltsvermögens in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten näher beleuchtet und die Rolle, die Vermögen in Bezug auf die gesellschaftliche Mobilität spielt, analysiert. Dabei stehen anhand von...

30 März 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Differences between social partners on a proposal to increase the minimum wage, demands by industrial trade unions for higher wages and strike action by teachers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Falling unemployment and an improved business outlook, the views of social partners on proposed equal pay legislation, and the rise of the right-wing AfD party are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Germany in the

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A protest in the public healthcare system, discontent in the education sector, significant legislative initiatives and support for a ban on Sunday shop opening are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Poland in the

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A slight fall in unemployment and trade union concerns over labour precariousness, and the need for social partners to reach agreement on a new salary pact are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the third

Germany: Latest findings from DGB Good Work Index

The German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) introduced the DGB Good Work Index in 2007 as a measurement tool, based on data from an annual survey, for monitoring quality of work. This article describes the background to the DGB Good Work Index, the most recent findings and the debate around the

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Radical changes in the State Revenue Service targeted at fighting corruption and the shadow economy, the battle by education and healthcare unions for better pay, and the publication of several important research reports are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on

Finland: Tripartite Competitiveness Pact signed

The ‘Competitiveness Pact’, a tripartite labour market agreement, was signed in June 2016 after over a year of difficult negotiations. The Pact involves a nationally and internationally exceptional deterioration of workers’ terms and conditions. The negotiation process had disruptive repercussions

Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Collective agreements in the metal industry, the settlement of a dispute in a transport company, a new law on posting of workers and figures on workplace accidents are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The strong stability of industrial relations in the face of controversy over migration policies, the rise of right-wing populist campaigns and responses to the vote on Brexit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Januar 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 August 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 April 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Februar 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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