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Salarii și venituri

Salariile și veniturile sunt esențiale pentru raporturile de muncă și calitatea vieții. Cele două aspecte au beneficiat de o atenție și mai mare la nivelul UE ca urmare a evoluțiilor provocate de criză în economie și în societate în ansamblu.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Ianuarie 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Pilonul european al drepturilor sociale stabilește angajamentele UE privind salariile: dreptul lucrătorilor la salarii echitabile care să asigure un nivel de trai decent; asigurarea unui salariu minim adecvat; prevenirea sărăciei persoanelor încadrate în muncă.

Activitatea Eurofound

Eurofound raportează în mod regulat diferitele aspecte ale salariilor și veniturilor în lumina schimbărilor economice din Europa.

Monitorizarea salariilor

Prin intermediul propriului său Observator european al vieții profesionale (EurWORK), Eurofound compilează un set de informații în materie de salarizare. Caracterul regulat al raportării generează o serie mai lungă de observații privind salariile convenite colectiv, făcând astfel posibilă urmărirea tendințelor. Eurofound publică actualizări periodice privind salariile minime legale și salariile convenite prin acord colectiv. Sunt monitorizate și evoluțiile la nivel național în raport cu mecanismele de stabilire a salariilor, egalitatea de remunerare, remunerarea variabilă, salariile mici și disparitatea salarială de gen.

Profilurile pe țări privind viața profesională conțin informații referitoare la salarizarea la nivel național și sunt actualizate periodic. EurWORK gestionează două baze de date privind salarizarea (vezi resursele de mai jos).

Monitorul European al Locurilor de Muncă (EJM) al Eurofound evaluează schimbările în materie de ocupare a forței de muncă, în funcție de diferite măsuri calitative, inclusiv de salarizare. În special, acesta contribuie la cunoașterea noastră a fenomenului polarizării forței de muncă – adică, măsura în care creșterea ocupării ar putea fi mai pronunțată în partea de sus și de jos a distribuției salariale decât în partea de mijloc.

Datele de anchetă

De asemenea, sondajele Eurofound monitorizează condițiile salariale din UE. Aspectul salarial reprezintă tema centrală a cercetării Eurofound în evaluarea calității muncii. În cadrul Sondajului european privind condițiile de muncă (EWCS), câștigul salarial este unul din cei șapte indicatori ai calității locului de muncă. EWCS abordează și disparitatea salarială de gen. Explorați instrumentul interactiv de vizualizare a datelor EWCS.

Sondajul european privind calitatea vieții (EQLS) monitorizează impactul veniturilor asupra nivelului de trai și modul în care inegalitatea veniturilor se raportează la coeziunea socială și bunăstare. Acesta analizează modul în care criza a afectat familiile, cu accent pe familiile cu venituri mici, datoria gospodăriei și grupurile cu risc de sărăcie. De asemenea, EQLS culege informații privind venitul obținut la pensie și opțiunile de prelungire a vieții active. Explorați instrumentul interactiv de vizualizare a datelor EWCS.

Sondajul european în rândul întreprinderilor (ECS) abordează utilizarea schemelor de salarizare variabile în instituții, precum și asigurarea angajaților din aceste instituții prin acorduri colective de salarizare. Sondajul permite corelarea informațiilor despre remunerarea variabilă și negocierea salariilor cu informațiile despre organizarea muncii, managementul resurselor umane, participarea directă a angajaților și dialogul social, precum și cu performanța și bunăstarea la locul de muncă.

Key outputs

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Revizuirea anuală a salariilor minime din 2023 a fost elaborată în contextul unei rate a inflației fără precedent în întreaga Europă. Deși acest lucru a dus la creșteri substanțiale ale...

29 Iunie 2023
Publication
Research report
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Acest raport explorează distribuția averii deținute de gospodării în statele membre ale UE și analizează rolul averii în mobilitatea socială. Utilizând informații provenite din trei seturi de date [Sondajul privind...

30 Martie 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Differences between social partners on a proposal to increase the minimum wage, demands by industrial trade unions for higher wages and strike action by teachers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Falling unemployment and an improved business outlook, the views of social partners on proposed equal pay legislation, and the rise of the right-wing AfD party are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Germany in the

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A protest in the public healthcare system, discontent in the education sector, significant legislative initiatives and support for a ban on Sunday shop opening are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Poland in the

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A slight fall in unemployment and trade union concerns over labour precariousness, and the need for social partners to reach agreement on a new salary pact are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the third

Germany: Latest findings from DGB Good Work Index

The German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) introduced the DGB Good Work Index in 2007 as a measurement tool, based on data from an annual survey, for monitoring quality of work. This article describes the background to the DGB Good Work Index, the most recent findings and the debate around the

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Radical changes in the State Revenue Service targeted at fighting corruption and the shadow economy, the battle by education and healthcare unions for better pay, and the publication of several important research reports are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on

Finland: Tripartite Competitiveness Pact signed

The ‘Competitiveness Pact’, a tripartite labour market agreement, was signed in June 2016 after over a year of difficult negotiations. The Pact involves a nationally and internationally exceptional deterioration of workers’ terms and conditions. The negotiation process had disruptive repercussions

Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Collective agreements in the metal industry, the settlement of a dispute in a transport company, a new law on posting of workers and figures on workplace accidents are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The strong stability of industrial relations in the face of controversy over migration policies, the rise of right-wing populist campaigns and responses to the vote on Brexit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Ianuarie 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 August 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Iunie 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octombrie 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Iunie 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Iunie 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Aprilie 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Februarie 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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