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Salario e ingresos

El salario y los ingresos son fundamentales para las relaciones laborales y la calidad de vida. Esta cuestión ha recibido todavía más atención a nivel de la Unión Europea debido a los acontecimientos provocados por la crisis sobre la economía y la sociedad en su conjunto.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Enero 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

El pilar europeo de derechos sociales establece los compromisos de la Unión Europea en materia de salarios: el derecho de los trabajadores a salarios justos que proporcionen un nivel de vida digno, la garantía de un salario mínimo adecuado y la necesidad de evitar la pobreza de los ocupados.

La labor de Eurofound

Eurofound informa periódicamente sobre diversos aspectos de los salarios y los ingresos, a la luz de las cambiantes circunstancias económicas en Europa.

Supervisión de los salarios

A través de su Observatorio Europeo de la Vida Laboral (EurWORK), Eurofound reúne una serie de datos sobre salarios. La naturaleza periódica de la elaboración de informes da lugar a una serie mayor de observaciones sobre salarios convenidos, de modo que se pueda realizar un seguimiento de las tendencias. Eurofound publica periódicamente actualizaciones por tema sobre salarios mínimos legales y salarios convenidos colectivamente. También supervisa los avances a nivel nacional en relación con los mecanismos de fijación de salarios, la igualdad salarial, los salarios variables, los salarios bajos y la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres.

Los perfiles nacionales de la vida laboral contienen información sobre los salarios a nivel nacional, y son actualizados de forma periódica. EurWORK mantiene dos bases de datos sobre salarios (véanse los recursos más abajo).

El Observatorio Europeo del Empleo de Eurofound (EJM) evalúa los cambios en el empleo por puesto de trabajo, en función de diversas medidas cualitativas, entre las que se incluyen los salarios. En particular, el EJM contribuye a que se conozca el fenómeno de la polarización del empleo, es decir, hasta qué punto es probable que el crecimiento del empleo sea mayor en los tramos más alto y más bajo de la distribución salarial que en el tramo intermedio.

Datos de encuestas

Las encuestas de Eurofound también supervisan las condiciones salariales en la Unión. Los salarios son un elemento central de las investigaciones de Eurofound para valorar la calidad del empleo. En la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS), los salarios son uno de los siete indicadores de la calidad del empleo. El EWCS también elabora informes sobre la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EWCS.

La Encuesta europea sobre la calidad de vida (EQLS) supervisa el impacto de los ingresos sobre las condiciones de vida, y cómo la desigualdad de los ingresos está relacionada con la cohesión social y el bienestar. Examina también cómo ha afectado la crisis a las familias, analizando familias de bajos ingresos, la deuda contraída para atender a las necesidades familiares y los grupos en riesgo de pobreza. La EQLS reúne también información sobre ingresos en la jubilación y opciones para ampliar la vida laboral. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EQLS.

La Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS) refleja el uso de sistemas de salario variable en establecimientos, así como la cobertura de los empleados de esos establecimientos a través de convenios salariales colectivos. La encuesta permite vincular la información sobre salarios variables y negociación salarial con información sobre organización del trabajo, gestión de recursos humanos, participación directa de los empleados y diálogo social, así como rendimiento y bienestar en el lugar de trabajo.

Key outputs

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La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de...

29 Junio 2023
Publication
Research report
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El presente informe analiza la distribución de la riqueza de los hogares en los Estados miembros de la UE y analiza el papel de la riqueza en la movilidad social...

30 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores

29 October 2013

In recent years, practices such as outsourcing and contracting-out have increasingly blurred the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. A new group of workers has emerged, which comprises workers who are formally ‘self-employed’, but present some characteristics of employees

29 September 2013

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay

09 July 2013

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

This paper looks at wages from two different angles: from the perspective of individual employees, discussed in conjunction with their working conditions, and from the perspective of the industrial relations system. After a brief overview of EU-level policy developments with a potential impact on

29 January 2013

This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States

10 December 2012

What determines life satisfaction and happiness? How do we value our social situation and immediate surroundings? How has this changed with the economic crisis? For the third wave of the European Quality of Life survey, 35,500 Europeans in all EU Member States were interviewed, in an effort to gain

27 November 2012

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

Online resources results (888)

Social partners agree three-year national programme

The primary objectives of Partnership 2000 (P2000) are: " the continued development of an efficient modern economy capable of high and sustainable economic and employment growth and operating within the constraints of international competitiveness, ensuring that Irish society becomes more inclusive

Article

Job security agreement at Blue Circle

In January 1997, the cement company, Blue Circle (BCC), and two of Britain's largest trade unions, the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) and the General Municipal and Boilermakers Union (GMB), agreed what has been described as a "ground breaking" deal which gives a guarantee of job security

Public sector pay policies

Three independent pay review bodies were created more than 25 years ago in what has been described as an attempt "to remove a range of highly sensitive settlements from the political arena" (P Bassett, /The Times,/ 7 February 1997). They recommended pay increases for doctors and dentists, the most

Apparent breakdown of Belgian central bargaining

For the first time since 1960, the Belgian social partners have failed to reach an intersectoral pay agreement and have instead accepted government imposition of measures on employment and maximum pay increases. This development runs counter to all traditions of free collective bargaining and the

Low wages in a high-wage economy

Compared to many other western industrialised countries, Germany has the image of being a high-wage economy with a relatively low inequality of incomes and living standards. This is mainly the result of the German system of branch-level central collective bargaining (Flächentarifvertrag), where

Bargaining in 1996 - from the Employment Alliance to the sick pay dispute

The Institute for Economics and Social Science (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, WSI) has recently published its annual examination of the previous collective bargaining round. It paints a rather mixed picture of 1996, a year in which collective bargaining was overshadowed by

Proposal to exempt long-term unemployed people from legal minimum wage

The Dutch Government wants to allow employers temporary exemptions from the legal minimum wage [1] (WML- wettelijk minimumloon), and to that end, a bill was submitted to Parliament in 1996. The target group consists of long-term unemployed people aged between 20 and 65. The purpose of the bill is to

Metalworking collective agreement signed after nine months of negotiations

On 4 February, following a mediation proposal by the Government, the national metalworking collective agreement was signed. Negotiations had lasted for nine months and were marked by moments of breakdown and conflict which resulted in strikes. The metalworking settlement, which covers some 1.5


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mayo 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Enero 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Agosto 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Junio 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octubre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Junio 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Junio 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Abril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febrero 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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