Hyppää pääsisältöön
image_activity2_industrial_relations_social_dialogue_v2.png

Työmarkkinasuhteet ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelu

Yksi Eurofoundin vuosien 2021–2024 työohjelman kuudesta keskeisestä toimesta on työmarkkinasuhteet ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelu. Eurofound jatkaa työtään asiantuntijakeskuksena, joka seuraa ja analysoi työmarkkinasuhteiden ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelun kehitystä jäsenvaltioissa ja EU:n tasolla. Se tukee edelleen johdon ja työntekijöiden välistä vuoropuhelua, myös covid-19-pandemian vaikutuksista, ja hyödyntää siinä Eurofoundin kansallisten yhteyshenkilöiden verkoston asiantuntemusta.

Eurofound tuottaa neljän seuraavan vuoden aikana tärkeää tietoa haasteista ja tulevaisuudennäkymistä työmarkkinasuhteiden ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelun alalla EU:ssa. Eurofound tekee selkoa tärkeimmistä kehityskuluista, jotka vaikuttavat työmarkkinasuhteiden toimijoihin, prosesseihin ja keskeisiin tuloksiin, ja hyödyntää siinä vakiintunutta asiantuntemustaan alalta. Se vertailee työmarkkinasuhteiden kansallisia järjestelmiä, muun muassa kansallista työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelua ja työehtosopimusneuvotteluja . Eurofound hyödyntää vuonna 2020 perustettua COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch -tietokantaansa ja seuraa hallitusten, työmarkkinaosapuolten ja muiden toimijoiden poliittisia aloitteita, joilla pyritään pehmentämään kriisin sosiaalisia ja taloudellisia vaikutuksia sekä auttamaan elpymistoimissa. Se jatkaa säännöllistä raportointiaan palkan muodostumisen vähimmäispalkan ja työajan kehityksestä sekä työelämään liittyvistä tuloksista.

Eurofoundin asiantuntemuksella tuetaan työmarkkinaosapuolten valmiuksien kehittämistä, jotta saadaan aikaan tehokasta työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelua. Virasto myös edistää eurooppalaisen työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelun kehittämistä tarkastelemalla työmarkkinajärjestöjen edustavuutta eri sektoreilla ja arvioimalla niiden kykyä osallistua työmarkkinaosapuolten komiteoihin.

”Tehtävänämme on tukea johdon ja työntekijöiden välistä vuoropuhelua. Mielestäni kokoamamme tiedot ja tekemämme tutkimus ovat tärkeitä, jos ne auttavat itse toimijoita toimimaan paremmin. Vilkas työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelu on osa sitä, mitä voitaisiin sanoa sosiaaliseksi markkinataloudeksi, ja juuri se on Euroopan unionin tavoitteena.”

David Foden, työmarkkinasuhteiden neuvonantaja

 

Topic

Recent updates

ef24002-card-cover.png

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 toukokuu 2024
Publication
Annual report

Keskeiset poliittiset viestit

Infografiikka

Päätöksentekijät saavat Eurofoundin tutkimuksen tärkeimmistä havainnoista tietoa, jonka avulla he voivat puuttua alan keskeisiin ongelmiin.

  • Työmarkkinaosapuolilla on työehtosopimusneuvottelujen kautta keskeinen rooli sen varmistamisessa, että eurooppalaisia työntekijöitä kohdellaan oikeudenmukaisesti ja työnantajia varten luodaan vakaa ja ennustettava toimintaympäristö.
  • Tehokkailla työehtosopimusneuvotteluilla varmistetaan, että yritysten välisessä kilpailussa voidaan keskittyä tehokkuuden parantamiseen ja luopua työvoiman kohtuuttomasta hyväksikäytöstä palkkaa ja työoloja koskevien yhteisten sääntöjen avulla.
  • Työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmiin kohdistuvat uhat lisääntyvät yhteiskunnan, työmarkkinoiden ja työn organisoinnin muutosten myötä. Tämä on aiheuttanut haasteita jäsenvaltioiden työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmien keskeisten toimijoiden valmiuksien kannalta.
  • Palkan osalta havainnoista käy ilmi, että EU:ssa vähimmäispalkkaa saavista työntekijöistä seitsemän kymmenestä ilmoittaa ainakin jonkinasteisista vaikeuksista saada rahat riittämään, kun muista palkansaajista viisi kymmenestä katsoo olevansa vastaavassa tilanteessa. Luvuissa on kuitenkin suurta vaihtelua maiden välillä. Eri toimintalinjojen yhdistelmässä vähimmäispalkat saattavat olla pandemia huomioon ottaen yksi tekijä, joka vakauttaa tuloja ja voi siten myös hillitä laskukierrettä kohti taantumaa tai lamaa.
  • Tehokas eurooppalainen työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelu edellyttää kansallisen tason vahvoja yhteyksiä, jotta EU:n ohjelma pysyy merkityksellisenä ja EU:n itsenäisiä sopimuksia pannaan kansallisella tasolla täytäntöön tarkoituksenmukaisesti.
  • Vaikka eurooppalaisesta työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelusta on kehittynyt useita yhteisiä aloitteita, sopimuksia on tehty vain vähän. Joillakin sektoreilla on ongelmana, että työmarkkinaosapuolten pyynnöt panna sopimukset täytäntöön EU:n lainsäädännön nojalla on torjuttu. EU:n ja jäsenvaltioiden välisiä yhteyksiä on myös parannettava.
  • Ammattiliittojen jäsenmäärien pieneneminen huolestuttaa useissa jäsenvaltioissa. Alle kolmasosassa (29 %) EU:n työpaikoista (joissa on yli kymmenen työntekijää) on jonkinlainen työntekijöiden edustus. Edustusta pystytään lisäämään parhaiten lakisääteisillä vaatimuksilla.
  • Työehtosopimusneuvottelut ovat edelleen EU:n työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmän ytimessä. Päätöksentekijöiden pitäisi tarttua covid-19-kriisin luomaan mahdollisuuteen toteuttaa uusia aloitteita, joilla edistetään, vahvistetaan ja tuetaan työehtosopimusneuvotteluja.
  • Työmarkkinaosapuolten toimenpiteiden lisäksi tehokas työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelu ja moitteettomasti toimivat työmarkkinasuhteet edellyttävät julkista rahaa ja viranomaisten tukea. Päätöksentekijöiden pitäisi tutkia uudenlaisia tapoja siirtää tietämystä, tarjota resursseja ja osallistua EU:n ja kansallisen tason työmarkkinaosapuolten kanssa.
  • Oikeudenmukaisten, moitteettomasti toimivien ja tasapainoisten työmarkkinasuhteiden turvaaminen ja edistäminen on ratkaisevan tärkeää osallistavan ja kestävän kasvun ja sosiaalisen edistyksen varmistamiseksi EU:ssa. Covid-19-kriisin jälkimainingeissa se on päätöksentekijöille myös tärkeä keino toteuttaa käytännössä Euroopan sosiaalisten oikeuksien pilarissa esitetyt EU:n sosiaaliset ja taloudelliset näkökohdat.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

image_event_ep_24012023.png

Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 tammikuu 2024
Publication
Work programme
ef23019_card_cover.png

Vuoden 2023 vähimmäispalkkojen vuotuinen tarkastelu laadittiin tilanteessa, jossa inflaatio on ollut ennennäkemätöntä kaikkialla Euroopassa. Vaikka tämä johti monissa maissa nimellispalkkojen huomattaviin korotuksiin, se ei monissa tapauksissa riittänyt työntekijöiden ostovoiman säilyttämiseen...

29 kesäkuu 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (531)

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

20 December 2022

This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies Indus

20 December 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

02 December 2022

Tässä raportissa analysoidaan työmarkkinavuoropuhelun ja työehtosopimusneuvottelujen roolia covid-19-pandemiasta aiheutuneiden haasteiden ratkaisemisessa siviili-ilmailualalla. Työmarkkinaosapuolet osallistuivat eri Euroopan maissa eri tavoin toimenpiteisiin, joita otettiin käyttöön pandemian

01 December 2022

Tässä raportissa analysoidaan työmarkkinavuoropuhelun ja työehtosopimusneuvottelujen roolia niiden haasteiden käsittelyssä, joita covid-19-pandemia sai aikaan tai pahensi sairaanhoitoalalla. Siinä selvitetään myös, mukautettiinko työmarkkinavuoropuhelun ja työehtosopimusneuvottelujen olemassa

01 December 2022

Tämä raportti laaditaan osana Euroopan komission Eurofoundille toimeksiantamaa kolmivuotista pilottihanketta (2021–2023) ”Vähimmäispalkan rooli yleisen työvoimatakuun perustamisessa”. Siinä keskitytään hankkeen moduuliin 3, jossa tutkitaan itsenäisten ammatinharjoittajien vähimmäispalkkoja ja muita

30 November 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the Food and drink sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

23 November 2022

This working paper investigates the practical implementation of the European Works Council (EWC) Directive at company level. It explores the challenges faced by existing EWCs and provides examples of solutions identified and remaining issues from the point of view of both workers and management. In

25 October 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the gas sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the

06 September 2022

Tässä raportissa kartoitetaan ja analysoidaan etätyötä koskevaa lainsäädäntöä ja työehtosopimusneuvotteluja 27 jäsenvaltiossa sekä Norjassa. Siinä tuodaan esiin tärkeimmät maiden väliset erot ja yhtäläisyydet etätyölainsäädännössä ja näihin säännöksiin viime aikoina tehdyissä muutoksissa. Siinä

01 September 2022

Online resources results (1768)
image_article_cloxit_12122018.jpg

Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

Sweden: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A historic agreement on industrial action regulations and a narrowing gender pay gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2018.

Italy: Increasing fragmentation in collective bargaining at sectoral level

The increasing fragmentation of sectoral agreements in Italy is highlighted in a report, released in November 2017, by the tripartite National Economic and Labour Council. It adds that decentralised bargaining increasingly deals with performance-related pay and welfare benefits. Although this

Czech Republic: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

New employment strategies to address labour shortages, the post-election political shift in the Chamber of Deputies and an award-winning documentary on working conditions are the main points of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the

Lithuania: Trilateral agreement promoting social dialogue signed

An agreement on reforms crucial to Lithuania’s economic growth was signed on 16 October after almost a year of discussions. The agreement, signed by Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis and representatives of the social partners, identifies long-term objectives such as improving efficiency in the

EU-level: Latest working life developments – Q3 2017

Launch of the second phase consultation of social partners of the Written Statement Directive, social partners’ positions regarding aspects of the European Pillar of Social Rights​ , and President Juncker's State of the Union address are the main topics of interest in this article. This country

France: Mixed reactions of social partners to labour market reform

The focus in France this summer has been on reforming the Labour Code with a view to reducing long-term mass unemployment. The government adopted five ordinances on 22 September 2017 – the first step in a massive reform of the labour market involving the social partners.

Spain: Talks over salary increase for 2017 collapse

Since the end of 2016, the main Spanish social partners have been trying to reach agreement about a salary increase for 2017, as part of the Agreement for Employment and Social Dialogue 2015–2017. Despite several attempts, negotiations were finally broken off at the end of July 2017 with no

Spain: AXA recognises workers’ right to turn phones off out of working hours

The beginning of 2017 witnessed increasing debate on allowing workers to disconnect their digital devices after working hours. In July 2017, insurance company AXA became the first company in Spain to recognise workers’ right to do so. The government is currently studying possible legislation in


Blogs results (22)
ef22069.png

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 kesäkuu 2022
ef22054.png

With the arrival of the month of May, the 2022 European Semester Spring Package is anticipated soon. After a transformative year in 2021, which saw the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) under NextGenerationEU, the European Semester cycle has resumed its role as the reference

3 toukokuu 2022
ef21081.png

With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 kesäkuu 2021
ef21078.png

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 kesäkuu 2021
image_blog_collective_bargaining_28102020.png

In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 lokakuu 2020
image_blog_minimum_wages_10032020.png

The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 huhtikuu 2020
main_image_blog_ef20039.png

As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 tammikuu 2020
image_blog_unions_20112019.png

Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 marraskuu 2019
image_blog_100_years_12112019.png

The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 marraskuu 2019
image_blog_joint_cross_border_inspections_17072019.png

The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 heinäkuu 2019

Upcoming publications results (9)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

June 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 tammikuu 2024
Lähde:
Reference period:

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.