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Rémunération et revenu

La rémunération et le revenu revêtent une importance primordiale dans les relations du travail et la qualité de vie. La question a reçu encore plus d’attention au niveau de l’UE en raison de l’évolution de l’économie et de la société dans son ensemble à la suite de la crise.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 janvier 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Le socle européen des droits sociaux fixe les engagements de l’UE en ce qui concerne les salaires: le droit des travailleurs à un salaire juste permettant un niveau de vie décent; la garantie de salaires minimaux appropriés; la prévention du phénomène des travailleurs pauvres.

Études d’Eurofound

Eurofound établit régulièrement des rapports sur différents aspects de la rémunération et du revenu en tenant compte de l’évolution de la conjoncture économique en Europe.

Suivi de l’évolution de la rémunération

Par l’intermédiaire de son Observatoire européen de la vie active (EurWORK), Eurofound rassemble de nombreuses informations sur la rémunération. La nature régulière de ces rapports donne lieu à de nombreuses observations sur les rémunérations fixées par convention collective, de sorte que leur évolution peut être suivie. Eurofound publie régulièrement des rapports sur les salaires minimaux légaux et les rémunérations fixées par convention collective. Elle suit également les évolutions, au niveau national, concernant les mécanismes de fixation des salaires, l’égalité salariale, la rémunération variable, la faible rémunération et les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes.

Les profils nationaux sur la vie active contiennent des informations sur la rémunération au niveau national et font l’objet de mises à jour régulières. EurWORK gère une base de données sur la rémunération.

L’Observatoire européen de l’emploi (EJM) d’Eurofound évalue les changements observés dans l’emploi par profession, à l’aune de divers indicateurs qualitatifs, dont la rémunération. En particulier, il aide à mieux comprendre le phénomène de la polarisation de l’emploi, c’est-à-dire la mesure dans laquelle la croissance de l’emploi est susceptible d’être plus élevée parmi les postes à haute et à faible rémunération que parmi les postes à rémunération moyenne.

Enquêtes

Eurofound mène également des enquêtes pour suivre l’évolution des conditions de rémunération dans l’UE. La rémunération est une donnée essentielle des études réalisées par Eurofound pour évaluer la qualité du travail. Dans l’enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail (EWCS), la rémunération est l’un des sept indices de qualité du travail. L’EWCS fait également le point sur les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EWCS

L’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) observe l’incidence du revenu sur le niveau de vie et la mesure dans laquelle les inégalités de revenu sont liées à la cohésion sociale et au bien-être. Elle analyse comment la crise a touché les familles, en accordant une attention particulière aux familles à bas revenu, à l’endettement des ménages et aux groupes exposés au risque de pauvreté. L’EQLS rassemble également des informations sur le revenu à la retraite et sur les possibilités de prolonger la vie active. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EQLS

L’enquête sur les entreprises en Europe (ECS) rend compte de l’utilisation de régimes de rémunération variable dans les entreprises, ainsi que de la couverture des employés de ces entreprises par des conventions collectives. L’enquête permet d’établir des liens entre les informations sur la rémunération variable et la négociation salariale et celles qui concernent l’organisation du travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, la participation directe des employés et le dialogue social, ainsi que le rendement et le bien-être au travail.

Key outputs

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La révision annuelle 2023 des salaires minimaux a été préparée dans le contexte d’une inflation sans précédent à travers l’Europe. Même si elle a entraîné de fortes hausses des salaires...

29 juin 2023
Publication
Research report
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Le présent rapport examine la répartition du patrimoine des ménages dans les États membres de l’UE et analyse le rôle du patrimoine dans la mobilité sociale. Fondé sur trois ensembles...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)
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Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on wages and wage setting

The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on wages and wage setting across Europe in 2020. The uncertain economic scenario, together with the difficulties inherent in online bargaining, led to a general postponement of collective agreements to 2021, especially at company level. Real wages

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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 mars 2021
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Member States are dawdling on gender pay transparency

The gender pay gap in gross hourly earnings in the EU was 14.8% in 2018. To help combat discriminatory pay practices by employers, the European Commission recommended in 2014 the introduction of pay transparency measures in all Member States. But more than half still have not implemented any such

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EU seeks views on the minimum wage

Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

United Kingdom: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The social partners’ joint statement on the risk of a no-deal Brexit risk, launch of the first labour market enforcement strategy and a record low for workers’ strikes are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 janvier 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 août 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juin 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 octobre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 avril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 février 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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