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Fizetés és jövedelem

A fizetés és a jövedelem központi téma a munkajogi jogviszonyok és az életminőség szempontjából. A kérdés uniós szinten még nagyobb figyelmet kapott a gazdaságban és a társadalom egészében a válság okozta események miatt.

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Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 január 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

A szociális jogok európai pillére meghatározza az Unió elköteleződését a bérekkel kapcsolatban: a munkavállalóknak joguk van tisztességes megélhetést nyújtó, méltányos bérezésben részesülni; megfelelő összegű minimálbéreket kell biztosítani; meg kell akadályozni, hogy azok, akik dolgoznak, szegénységben éljenek.

Az Eurofound munkája

Az Eurofound rendszeresen jelentést készít a fizetés és a jövedelem különböző szempontjairól a változó európai gazdasági körülményekre tekintettel.

A fizetések nyomon követése

Az Európai Munkakörülmények Megfigyelőközpontja (EurWORK) segítségével az Eurofound a fizetésekre vonatkozó számos információt gyűjt össze. A jelentések rendszeres jellege hosszabb sorozatban figyeli meg a kollektív tárgyaláson alapuló fizetéseket, így nyomon lehet követni a trendeket. Az Eurofound rendszeresen közzéteszi a jogszabályban rögzített minimálbérekre és a kollektív tárgyaláson alapuló fizetésekre vonatkozó frissítéseket. Nyomon követi továbbá a nemzeti szintű fejlesztéseket a bérmegállapítási mechanizmusok, az egyenlő fizetés, a változó fizetés, az alacsony fizetés és a nemek közötti fizetésbeli különbségek tekintetében.

A munka világára vonatkozó országprofilok a nemzeti szintű fizetési adatokat tartalmazzák, és rendszeresen frissülnek. Az EurWORK két fizetésekkel foglalkozó adatbázist tart fenn (lásd a lenti forrásokat).

Az Eurofound Európai Állásfigyelője (EJM) a fizetést is magában foglaló különböző minőségi mérők mentén értékeli a foglalkoztatás területén az állásokban bekövetkező változásokat. Különösen hozzájárul a polarizálódó foglalkoztatás jelenségének megismeréséhez – ez azt mutatja, hogy a foglalkoztatás növekedése milyen mértékben jelentősebb a béreloszlás felső és alsó sávjában, mint a közepén.

A felmérések adatai

Az Eurofound felmérései a fizetési feltételeket is nyomon követik az Unióban. A fizetés az Eurofound munka minőségének értékelése területén végzett kutatásának központi eleme. Az európai munkakörülmény-felmérésben (EWCS) a kereset a munka minőségét jelző hét mutató egyike. Az európai munkakörülmény-felmérés beszámol a nemek közötti fizetésbeli különbségekről is. Fedezze fel az EWCS interaktív adatmegjelenítő eszközt

Az európai életminőség-felmérés (EQLS) a jövedelem életminőségre gyakorolt hatásait vizsgálja és azt, hogy a jövedelembeli eltérések hogyan kapcsolódnak a társadalmi kohézióhoz és a jólléthez. Azt elemzi, hogy a válság hogyan érintette a családokat, az alacsony jövedelemmel rendelkező családok, a háztartási hitelek és a szegénységgel fenyegetett csoportok tekintetében. Az európai életminőség-felmérés adatot gyűjt továbbá a nyugdíjazást követő jövedelmekről és a munkavégzés meghosszabbításáról is. Fedezze fel az EQLS interaktív adatmegjelenítő eszközt

Az európai vállalati felmérés (ECS) a különböző fizetési rendszerek vállalkozások általi alkalmazását vizsgálja, valamint a vállalkozások munkavállalóira vonatkozó kollektív bérmegállapodásokat. A felmérés által össze lehet kapcsolni a különböző fizetésre és bértárgyalásra vonatkozó adatokat a munkaszervezésre, az emberierőforrás-menedzsmentre, a közvetlen munkavállalói részvételre és a szociális párbeszédre vonatkozó adatokkal, valamint a teljesítménnyel és a munkahelyi jólléttel.

Key outputs

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A minimálbérek 2023. évi éves felülvizsgálata olyan körülmények között készült, amikor egész Európában példátlanul magas volt az infláció. Bár ez számos országban a nominálbérek jelentős emelkedéséhez vezetett, sok esetben ez...

29 június 2023
Publication
Research report
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Ez a jelentés áttekinti a háztartások vagyoneloszlását az Európai Unió tagállamaiban, és elemzést nyújt a vagyon társadalmi mobilitásban betöltött szerepéről. Három adatkészlet (a háztartások pénzügyi helyzetére és fogyasztására vonatkozó felmérés...

30 március 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

10 October 2018

Eurofound has a considerable body of research findings looking at how salary levels are set in EU Member States. This report looks at the mechanisms used to determine statutory minimum wages, the use of variable pay schemes in companies in the EU, and national systems of supplementary pay.

27 March 2018
Publication
Customised report

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors

06 February 2018

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway.

25 September 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

This EurWORK topical update summarises the views of European and national-level stakeholders on recent debates on implementing the principle of ‘equal pay’ for posted workers. Directive 96/71/EC foresees that posted workers must be granted the minimum standards of employment conditions applicable in

18 July 2017

Online resources results (888)
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Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on wages and wage setting

The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on wages and wage setting across Europe in 2020. The uncertain economic scenario, together with the difficulties inherent in online bargaining, led to a general postponement of collective agreements to 2021, especially at company level. Real wages

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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 március 2021
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Member States are dawdling on gender pay transparency

The gender pay gap in gross hourly earnings in the EU was 14.8% in 2018. To help combat discriminatory pay practices by employers, the European Commission recommended in 2014 the introduction of pay transparency measures in all Member States. But more than half still have not implemented any such

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EU seeks views on the minimum wage

Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

United Kingdom: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The social partners’ joint statement on the risk of a no-deal Brexit risk, launch of the first labour market enforcement strategy and a record low for workers’ strikes are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 május 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 január 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augusztus 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 június 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 október 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 június 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 június 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 április 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 február 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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