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Teleworking
It-telework huwa arranġament tax-xogħol fejn ix-xogħol isir barra minn post default tax-xogħol, normalment il-post tal-impjegatur, permezz tat-teknoloġiji tal-informazzjoni u l-komunikazzjoni (ICT). Il-karatteristiċi prinċipali tax-xogħol bil-linja huma l-użu ta' kompjuters u telekomunikazzjoni biex jinbidel il-post normali tax-xogħol, il-frekwenza li biha l-ħaddiem qed jaħdem barra mill-proprjetà tal-impjegatur u n-numru ta' postijiet fejn il-ħaddiema jaħdmu remotament (mobilità).
Meta wieħed iqis il-mobilità, ix-xogħol mobbli bbażat fuq l-ICT jista' jiġi definit bħala l-użu ta' teknoloġiji tal-informazzjoni u l-komunikazzjoni, bħal smartphones, tablets, laptops u/jew kompjuters desktop, għal xogħol li jsir barra mill-proprjetà tal-impjegatur u li huwa prinċipalment 'indipendenti mill-post'. Ix-xogħol mobbli jista' jitqies bħala varjazzjoni tax-xogħol bil-mod. Meta jintuża t-terminu xogħol mobbli bbażat fuq l-ICT, l-enfasi hija fuq il-fatt li l-ħaddiema jaħdmu f'diversi postijiet u jużaw l-ICT biex jikkonnettjaw ma' sistemi tal-kompjuter kondiviżi tal-kumpanija.
Sib l-aktar kontenut reċenti dwar dan is-suġġett hawn taħt.
Il-bidla lejn ix-xogħol ibridu: Sfidi fil-ġestjoni - Storja diġitali
Din l-istorja diġitali tippreżenta skoperti ewlenin dwar kif ix-xogħol ibridu qed jibdel il-prattiċi ta' ġestjoni fil-livell tal-maniġer dirett: Għaliex ix-xogħol ibridu jeħtieġ forom ġodda ta' koordinazzjoni; Kif il-maniġers iżommu l-viżibilità u s-superviżjoni tal-prestazzjoni mingħajr preżenza fiżika; X'jżomm il-koeżjoni u l-benesseri tat-tim bejn timijiet imxerrda; Kif jista' jiġi żgurat aċċess ekwu għall-informazzjoni u l-opportunitajiet; Fejn il-gwida jew l-appoġġ tal-politika huma l-iktar meħtieġa.Il-bidla għall-ħidma ibrida: Sfidi fil-ġestjoni
Il-pandemija tal-COVID-19 aċċellerat it-tranżizzjoni għax-xogħol ibridu, fejn l-impjegati qasmu l-ħin tagħhom bejn ix-xogħol remotament u fuq il-post. Filwaqt li dan il-mudell joffri aktar flessibilità, jintroduċi wkoll sfidi ġodda għall-maniġers tal-linja u superviżuri oħra. Dan ir-rapport jesplora kif ix-xogħol ibridu jibdel l-organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol u jinfluwenza l-prattiċi ta' ġestjoni ta' kuljum fil-livell tal-maniġer dirett, b'fokus fuq bidliet fil-koordinazzjoni, komunikazzjoni, ġestjoni tal-prestazzjoni u benesseri tal-impjegati.Xogħol fi kwalunkwe ħin, kullimkien: Il-kwalità tal-ħin tax-xogħol fl-UE
Dan ir-rapport ta' riċerka jesplora kif l-arranġamenti tax-xogħol flessibbli fl-UE jaffettwaw il-kwalità tal-ħin tax-xogħol, l-awtonomija u l-benesseri tal-impjegati, u jqabbel żviluppi riċenti ma' għaxar snin ilu. Janalizza d-differenzi bejn livelli ta' ħiliet, setturi u Stati Membri, u jevalwa r-rwol tar-regolamenti u l-politiki bħal id-dritt li jinqasam.Eurofound twettaq riċerka dwar ix-xogħol bil-telekomunikazzjoni u x-xogħol mobbli bbażat fuq l-ICT fl-attività tagħha dwar il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u x-xogħol sostenibbli, inkluż fir-riċerka tagħha dwar forom ġodda ta' impjieg. Is-suġġetti koperti jinkludu bilanċ bejn ix-xogħol u l-ħajja, iż-żmien tax-xogħol, il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u d-dritt li tiddiskonnettja, kif ukoll l-impatt tal-COVID-19 fuq il-mod kif naħdmu. Livelli differenti ta' intensità jew frekwenza tax-xogħol mobbli bbażata fuq it-telework/ICT (TICTM) u firxa ta' postijiet fejn jaħdmu individwi jistgħu jkollhom konsegwenzi differenti għall-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol.
L-ICT irrivoluzzjonat ix-xogħol u l-ħajja fis-seklu 21. L-avvanzi fl-ICT fetħu l-bieb għal modi ġodda ta' xogħol. It-teleworking u x-xogħol mobbli bbażat fuq ICT ġew inkorporati f'pakkett ta' arranġamenti flessibbli ta' xogħol maħsuba biex jimmodernizzaw l-organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol. Il-formulaturi tal-politika f'ħafna pajjiżi tal-UE qed jiddibattu dwar il-bidla mgħaġġla fil-mod kif naħdmu u l-implikazzjonijiet sekondarji fuq aspetti oħra tal-ħajja ta' kuljum tagħna, bħal organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol, bilanċ bejn ix-xogħol u l-ħajja, is-saħħa u l-benesseri.
Il-ftehim Ewropew dwar it-telework, iffirmat mill-partners soċjali fil-livell tal-UE fl-2002, jiddefinixxi t-telework u jistabbilixxi qafas ġenerali fuq livell Ewropew għall-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol tat-teleħaddiem. L-għan tiegħu huwa li jirrikonċilja l-bżonnijiet ta' flessibilità u sigurtà maqsuma bejn l-impjegaturi u l-ħaddiema. Minn dakinhar, l-iżviluppi teknoloġiċi għenu biex jespandu dan l-arranġament tax-xogħol u jiftħu t-triq għal livell ogħla ta' mobilità tal-ħaddiema biex jaħdmu remotament.
F'Ġunju 2020, il-partners soċjali fil-livell tal-UE ffirmaw ftehim ta' qafas dwar id-diġitalizzazzjoni, li jiddeskrivi d-dispożizzjonijiet rilevanti dwar il-'modalitajiet ta' konnessjoni u diżkonnessjoni', li għandhom jiġu implimentati fuq livell nazzjonali skont il-proċeduri u l-prattiċi speċifiċi għall-ġestjoni u l-ħaddiema fl-Istati Membri.
F'Jannar 2021, il-Parlament Ewropew adottat riżoluzzjoni li titlob lill-Kummissjoni Ewropea biex tipproponi liġi li tippermetti lil dawk li jaħdmu diġitalment jiddiskonnettjaw barra l-ħinijiet tax-xogħol tagħhom. Għandha wkoll tistabbilixxi rekwiżiti minimi għax-xogħol mill-bogħod u tispjega l-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol, is-sigħat u l-perjodi ta' mistrieħ.
EUR-Lex: Teleworkingopens in new tab
ETUC: Ftehim ta' qafas dwar il-partners soċjali Ewropej dwar id-diġitalizzazzjoni (PDF)PDFopens in new tab
Parlament Ewropew: Riżoluzzjoni tal-21 ta' Jannar 2021 dwar id-dritt ta' diskonnessjoni opens in new tab
Mill-bidu tal-2020, bħala riżultat tal-pandemija tal-COVID-19, ħafna impjegaturi u impjegati għażlu l-telework, li jista' potenzjalment jibdel il-mod kif naħdmu fil-futur. Din il-bidla tipprovdi opportunitajiet għan-negozji u tgħin lill-ħaddiema biex iżommu l-impjieg tagħhom, iżda wkoll tippreżenta sfidi dwar is-saħħa u l-bilanċ bejn il-ħajja tax-xogħol u x-xogħol marbuta mal-konfużjoni tal-fruntieri, sigħat twal tax-xogħol u disponibbiltà kostanti.
Din hija għażla tal-aktar riżultati importanti għal dan is-suġġett.
2 September 2024
Regional employment change and the geography of telework in Europe
The fast and steady recovery in employment following the COVID-19 pandemic in the EU benefited from proactive policy responses to the crisis and from resilient labour markets. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022; however, significant regional disparities remain. EU regions fared differently, depending on their economic specialisation and notably on the concentration of jobs in knowledge-intensive services that can be performed remotely. The geography of telework across EU regions was primarily shaped by differences in occupational structure, and fast internet connectivity remains an essential enabling factor. Recent initiatives to support remote work in rural, peripheral or marginalised areas through the creation of coworking spaces show how dynamism and diversity in rural economies can be promoted.
29 November 2023
Right to disconnect: Implementation and impact at company level
The rise in telework and more flexible working patterns, speeded up by the pandemic, has intensified concerns about an ‘always on’ culture and employees’ constant connection to their workplace, leading them to work additional and often unpaid hours. One of the solutions put forward to help address this issue is the introduction of a right to disconnect. Based on a survey of HR managers and employees, this report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.
25 May 2023
Hybrid work in Europe: Concept and practice
The term ‘hybrid work’ was popularised with the upsurge of telework during the COVID-19 pandemic, when companies and employees started to discuss ways of organising work after the crisis. The term has been increasingly used to refer to situations in which (teleworkable) work is carried out from two sites: at the usual place of work (normally the employer’s premises) and from home (as experienced during the pandemic) or other locations. However, the concept of hybrid work is still fuzzy and various meanings are attributed to it. This report aims to bring clarity to this concept by exploring the available information from two main sources: recent literature and contributions provided by the Network of Eurofound Correspondents from across the European Union. It summarises the main debates around hybrid work in the Member States and shows how hybrid work has been implemented in practice across Europe. The main hindrances, challenges, benefits and opportunities of hybrid work are also discussed.
28 April 2023
The future of telework and hybrid work
The report explores plausible and imaginable scenarios examining how telework and hybrid work in the EU might have developed by 2035, and their implications for the world of work. How prepared are managers and employees, employer organisations and trade unions, and policymakers for the greater prevalence of these ways of organising work? How can they ensure that future telework and hybrid work arrangements benefit both employees and organisations? Using a foresight methodology, the report identifies blind spots, outlines emerging issues and assists policymakers in addressing key issues related to this form of work.
8 December 2022
The rise in telework: Impact on working conditions and regulations
This report presents Eurofound’s research on telework during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. It explores changes in the incidence of telework, working conditions experienced by employees working from home and changes to regulations addressing issues related to this working arrangement. The findings reveal a rapid escalation of telework triggered by the pandemic: in 2021, 2 out of 10 European employees were teleworking – a figure that most likely would not have been reached before 2027 had the pandemic not occurred. The health crisis unleashed the social and technological potential for flexibility in terms of working time and place. The impacts of telework on working conditions were initially difficult to determine because it was difficult to disentangle them from pandemic-induced factors, such as lockdowns and school closures. However, both the positive impacts, such as the contribution of telework to improving work–life balance, and the negative impacts, such as reduced social interaction and an increase in overtime worked, have become more evident. The rise in telework and an awareness of its implications for working conditions have prompted a renewed focus on regulatory frameworks, with new telework regulations passed in several EU Member States.
7 December 2022
Living, working and COVID-19 in the European Union and 10 EU neighbouring countries
The Living, working and COVID-19 survey, first launched by Eurofound in early 2020, aims to capture the wide-ranging impact of the pandemic on the work and lives of EU citizens. The fifth round of the Eurofound survey, which was implemented in spring 2022, also sheds light on a new uncertain reality caused by the war in Ukraine, record-high inflation and sharp rises in the cost of living. As a pilot survey, a shorter version of the questionnaire was fielded by the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 10 European Union (EU) neighbouring countries. This joint Eurofound-ETF factsheet presents a selection of results from the survey covering both the EU-27 and the 10 selected EU neighbouring countries.
The results reveal at least one clear commonality across respondents from all countries: serious concerns about the rising cost of living. At the same time, the results point to a large divergence in living and working conditions between respondents in the two groups of countries, but also show large differences within the EU itself and amongst the selected EU neighbouring countries.
1 September 2022
Telework in the EU: Regulatory frameworks and recent updates
This report sets out to map and analyse legislation and collective bargaining on telework in the 27 Member States and Norway. It highlights the main cross-country differences and similarities regarding telework legislation and recent changes to these regulations. It also examines the current situation regarding collective bargaining on telework. The analysis highlights many of the drawbacks and challenges of telework, focusing on provisions relating to access to telework, flexible working time, continuous availability/connectivity, isolation, occupational and health risk prevention and the costs incurred by the employee while working remotely. With COVID-19 having been an accelerator for regulating telework both in legislation and through collective bargaining, the report sheds light on how the future of telework could be regulated at national and EU level to improve working conditions and the well-being of workers.
9 September 2021
Right to disconnect: Exploring company practices
Digital technologies have made it possible for many workers to carry out their work at any time and anywhere, with consequent advantages and disadvantages. Eurofound data show that teleworkers are twice as likely to exceed the 48-hour working time limit, take insufficient rest and work in their free time, with knock-on effects on their physical and mental health. To address this issue, there have been calls for the ‘right to disconnect’. This report is based on case studies that chart the implementation and impact of the right to disconnect at workplace level. It builds on previous Eurofound research that shows an increase in collective agreements providing for a right to disconnect in countries that have enshrined this right in their legislation. With the exponential growth in teleworking brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of striking a better balance between the opportunities and the challenges associated with teleworking and ICT-based flexible working has become more relevant than ever before.
Ir-riċerkaturi tal-Eurofound jipprovdu għarfien espert u jistgħu jiġu kkuntattjati għal mistoqsijiet jew talbiet mill-midja.
Oscar Vargas Llave
Senior research managerOscar Vargas Llave is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related policies: organisation of working time, remote work, the right to disconnect, health and well-being and ageing. Before joining Eurofound in December 2009, he worked as project coordinator in the field of health and safety and was responsible for the Professional Card Scheme for the Construction Sector in Spain at the non-profit Fundación Laboral de la Construcción in Madrid. He has a background in industrial sociology (Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca), and also holds a Diploma in Social Science Research Methods from the University of Cardiff and a Master’s degree in Health and Safety from the Autonomous University of Madrid.
Sara Grubanov-Boskovic
Research officerSara Grubanov-Boskovic hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound, fejn tikkontribwixxi għal proġetti dwar it-teleworking, iż-żmien tax-xogħol, il-kundizzjonijiet tal-għajxien u l-espansjoni tal-UE. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound, ħadmet bħala uffiċjal tal-politika fiċ-Ċentru tal-OECD ta' Istanbul fil-Global Relations Directorate u bħala uffiċjal xjentifiku tal-proġetti fiċ-Ċentru tal-Għarfien tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea dwar il-Migrazzjoni u d-Demografija. Bħala riċerkatriċi postdottorali fl-Università ta' Torino, ir-riċerka tagħha ffokat fuq in-nuqqas ta' ħiliet differenti, filwaqt li bħala riċerkatriċi viżitanti fl-Università Ebraika ta' Ġerusalemm ħadmet fuq it-tranżizzjoni demografika u l-anzjanità tal-popolazzjoni. Sara għandha PhD fil-Popolazzjoni u l-Iżvilupp Ekonomiku mill-Università ta' Bari.
Din it-taqsima tipprovdi aċċess għall-kontenut kollu li ġie ppubblikat dwar is-suġġett.
