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Warunki i jakość życia

Warunki i jakość życia to jeden z sześciu obszarów ujętych w programie prac Eurofound na lata 2021-2024. Eurofound będzie nadal opisywać i analizować kluczowe aspekty dotyczące poprawy warunków życia ludności w Europie, co obejmuje także informacje o tym, jak postrzegana jest jakość życia i społeczeństwo. Pandemia COVID-19 i związany z nią kryzys gospodarczy miały ogromny wpływ na życie obywateli i dlatego Eurofound będzie nadal badać wpływ tego kryzysu na obywateli UE na różnych etapach życia.

W latach 2021-2024 badania prowadzone przez Eurofound pozwolą nam uzyskać cenny wgląd w wyzwania i perspektywy związane z warunkami i jakością życia w UE oraz lepiej zrozumieć rolę, jaką odgrywają różne inicjatywy ukierunkowane na zmniejszanie trudności społecznych w różnych grupach obywateli. Szczególna uwaga zostanie poświęcona skutkom obecnego kryzysu dla osób starszych i opieki nad nimi, młodzieży i kwestii ich integracji i mobilności społecznej, a także różnicom w skutkach kryzysu dla mężczyzn i kobiet .

Niezwykle ważną rolę do odegrania w reakcji na kryzys związany z COVID-19 w całej Unii miały usługi publiczne , które musiały się zmierzyć z dużymi wyzwaniami. Działanie usług publicznych zostanie poddane szczegółowej ocenie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem takich kwestii, jak jakość, dostępność i przystępność cenowa. Jak wykazały wcześniejsze badania, kryzys miał nieporównywalnie większy wpływ na pewne grupy społeczne (wyodrębnione na podstawie wieku, obowiązków związanych z opieką oraz równowagi między życiem a pracą zawodową) i te różnice zostaną dokładniej przeanalizowane przez Eurofound.

Eurofound, we współpracy z Europejskim Instytutem ds. Równości Kobiet i Mężczyzn (EIGE), zamierza przeprowadzić badania nad wielowymiarowością różnic w sytuacji kobiet i mężczyzn, analizując wpływ kryzysu związanego z COVID-19 na mężczyzn i kobiety w obszarze zatrudnienia, materialnych warunków życia oraz dobrostanu. Celem tych analiz jest określenie różnic i ustalenie ich wpływu na równość płci.

„ Jakość usług publicznych odgrywa kluczową rolę w budowaniu zaufania do różnych instytucji współczesnej Europy i tak samo duże znaczenie będzie miała dla stawienia czoła obecnym i przyszłym wyzwaniom. Jakość usług to także obszar, w którym można wprowadzić wiele innowacji, zwłaszcza takich, dzięki którym system usług będzie bardziej zdigitalizowany, ekologiczny i odpowiednio przygotowany na zagrożenia, np. przyszłe pandemie”.

Tadas Leončikas, starszy kierownik ds. badań, Dział Polityki Społecznej

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

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Publication
Annual report

Kluczowe przesłania polityczne

Infografika

Główne wyniki badań prowadzonych przez Eurofound dostarczają decydentom informacji, które pomagają im reagować na kluczowe kwestie w danym obszarze.

  • Postrzeganie napięć w społeczeństwie ma najbardziej szkodliwy wpływ na zaufanie do instytucji, podczas gdy postrzegana jakość usług publicznych jest głównym źródłem większego zaufania do instytucji.
  • Konieczne jest zapewnienie długoterminowej opieki w większym zakresie i o większym stopniu elastyczności. Tak samo potrzebne jest zapewnienie większej dostępności opieki domowej i wsparcia, zwłaszcza w państwach członkowskich, gdzie dochód obywateli jest najniższy.
  • Szybki dostęp do podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej, opieki społecznej oraz opieki długoterminowej pozwala na wczesną interwencję i monitorowanie zmieniających się potrzeb, a także umożliwia zapobieganie eskalacji problemów z opieką długoterminową.
  • Rośnie liczba problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym wśród młodych ludzi, choć nie jest jasne, czy jest to kwestia zwiększonego występowania takich schorzeń, czy skutek większej świadomości społecznej i lepszej diagnostyki. Kwestie zdrowia psychicznego są ściśle powiązane z innymi kwestiami dotyczącymi młodzieży – mogą one być zarówno skutkiem, jak i przyczyną nierówności. Wśród czynników ryzyka zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego można wymienić między innymi niepełnosprawność oraz długotrwałą chorobę, problemy rodzinne, problemy w relacjach z rówieśnikami oraz nadużywanie mediów społecznościowych.
  • Choć od czasu kryzysu finansowego poziom zaufania i spójność społeczna w UE wróciły do dawnego poziomu, to pojawienie się COVID-19 miało znaczny wpływ na dobrostan obywateli w krajach najbardziej dotkniętych pandemią.
  • Wskutek ograniczeń epidemiologicznych najbardziej ucierpiały między innymi osoby młode, które wraz z osobami bez pracy deklarują najniższy poziom dobrostanu, mimo że od początku pandemii nastąpiła pewna poprawa w tym względzie. Chociaż od kwietnia 2020 r. wzrósł poziom optymizmu i zadowolenia z życia, młodzi ludzie nadal czują się wykluczeni ze społeczeństwa i pozostają najbardziej narażeni na depresję – to pokazuje, że ograniczenia w przemieszczaniu się (tzw. lockdown) mają na nich większy wpływ.
  • Jeśli wystąpią kolejne fale epidemii COVID-19, kluczowe znacznie będą mieć środki służące ograniczeniu zagrożeń dla zdrowia psychicznego osób bezrobotnych i młodych. Do bieżących działań z zakresu polityki musi należeć zapewnienie ukierunkowanego wsparcia, aby umożliwić osobom poszukującym pracy powrót na właściwe tory i poradzenie sobie ze skutkami pandemii, a także zapewnienie młodym ludziom możliwości pełnego uczestnictwa w życiu społecznym.
  • Kryzys związany z COVID-19 miał większy wpływ na obniżenie poziomu optymizmu i równowagę między życiem osobistym a zawodowym u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. Naprawa tych szkód będzie miała zasadnicze znaczenie dla zagwarantowania, żeby kobiety nie ponosiły nieproporcjonalnie wysokich kosztów pandemii.
  • Utrzymanie zaufania społecznego do instytucji krajowych i europejskich musi pozostać w czasie kryzysu kluczowym celem, ponieważ przestrzeganie środków kontroli pandemii COVID-19 zależy w dużej mierze od poziomu zaufania do instytucji i doradztwa naukowego. Wzrost poziomów zaufania instytucjonalnego deklarowanego przez respondentów, którzy skorzystali ze środków wsparcia, również daje jasny sygnał dla rządów krajowych i dla UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Styczeń 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Rok 2022 przywitaliśmy z ostrożnym optymizmem. Europa wychodziła z dwuletniej pandemii COVID-19, a program NextGenerationEU nakreślił plan odbudowy dla stworzenia silnej i zrównoważonej przyszłości. Jednak rosyjski atak na Ukrainę na...

4 Maj 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (307)

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

01 April 2014

The economic crisis has reshaped the lives of millions of European citizens. But how has it affected families with children? Children are more at risk of poverty or social exclusion than the overall population in a large majority of EU countries; hence, it is important to understand how the crisis

26 March 2014

Eurofound has conducted the European Quality of Life Survey EQLS) in 2003, 2007 and 2011. This report compares the results from the three waves to provide evidence of trends and change in the quality of life of Europeans over a decade. It also examines whether differences across EU Member States

04 February 2014

This report explores how Europeans perceive the quality of their societies, and of their public services. It looks at such aspects of society as trust in institutions and other people, perceived tensions between social groups, attitudes towards migrants and the effects of the economic crisis on

28 January 2014

This report presents the findings of a research project exploring the involvement of new partners – in particular, the social partners, civil society and people in vulnerable situations – in social innovation. The research was carried out at EU level – focusing especially on the role of the European

14 January 2014

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

This report is the first output of Eurofound’s research project on the impacts of the recent financial and economic crisis on access to publicly financed healthcare services in the EU. It aims to provide an overview of context and developments, setting the scene for the ongoing research project

24 November 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings together results from the analysis of EQLS data and evidence from other sources to formulate a number of policy

08 November 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

This report assesses the impact of the crisis on the subjective well-being of Europeans. In 2011, GDP per capita in 22 out of the then 27 EU Member States was below 2008 levels, and unemployment rates were higher in 25 out of the 27. These indicators demonstrate worrying trends, but the report goes

06 November 2013

Online resources results (218)
In this episode Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager Hans Dubois on the issues that feed into housing insecurity in Europe, and the actions that need to be taken to address them. Together, they analyse findings from Eurofound’s recent Unaffordable and inadequate housing in Eu
15 Czerwiec 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Październik 2022
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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

European Quality of Life Survey 2016 New results for the EU candidate countries Event on Improving quality of life in Europe – Sharing data to shape better policies, 26 June 2018, Belgrade, Serbia Presentation by Tadas Leončikas, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound

26 Czerwiec 2018

Germany: Trade unions' approach to climate change policies

While the international trade union movement is calling for a more effective implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change, national trade unions differ regarding the way forward. German unions are taking a traditional path in joining forces with employers and calling for governmental

Malta: Latest working life developments – Q3 2017

Compensating workers for weekend public holidays, the effect of legalising marijuana in the workplace, and a proposal that the first day of sick leave should be unpaid are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Malta in

Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.


Blogs results (32)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Maj 2024

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 Grudzień 2023
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Spiralling housing costs are causing despair across the EU. The situation is making people anxious that they will lose their accommodation or become homeless; they may become overburdened financially or forced to live in substandard accommodation; and many young people are unable to leave home

4 Kwiecień 2023
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Lower levels of health, increasing financial pressure and a significant degree of unmet healthcare: these are the findings of the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty – a report that presents an overview of responses from over 200,000 people

6 Październik 2022
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Sierpień 2022
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Trust in national institutions has declined across the EU over the past two years. Driven by increasingly difficult economic circumstances and unreliable news sources, even people who previously expressed higher trust levels – such as those in financially secure positions – have become less trusting

25 Lipiec 2022
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 Czerwiec 2022
Image of family cooking around camp fire outside home under bombardment in Ukraine

We are 100 days on from the invasion by Russia of Ukraine on 24 February, when peace in Europe was shattered. As the human tragedy began to unfold and with more than 6.8 million Ukrainians, mostly women and children, escaping their country since the start of the war, European citizens have been

8 Czerwiec 2022
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The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

5 Maj 2022

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, young Europeans face many obstacles in their path to independence, including securing employment, the rise in cost of living and the inability to leave the family home. This report builds on recent Eurofound survey data to explore the lives of young people in the EU.

May 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report
Data results (1)
24 Październik 2023
Reference period:

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