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Salarii și venituri

Salariile și veniturile sunt esențiale pentru raporturile de muncă și calitatea vieții. Cele două aspecte au beneficiat de o atenție și mai mare la nivelul UE ca urmare a evoluțiilor provocate de criză în economie și în societate în ansamblu.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Ianuarie 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Pilonul european al drepturilor sociale stabilește angajamentele UE privind salariile: dreptul lucrătorilor la salarii echitabile care să asigure un nivel de trai decent; asigurarea unui salariu minim adecvat; prevenirea sărăciei persoanelor încadrate în muncă.

Activitatea Eurofound

Eurofound raportează în mod regulat diferitele aspecte ale salariilor și veniturilor în lumina schimbărilor economice din Europa.

Monitorizarea salariilor

Prin intermediul propriului său Observator european al vieții profesionale (EurWORK), Eurofound compilează un set de informații în materie de salarizare. Caracterul regulat al raportării generează o serie mai lungă de observații privind salariile convenite colectiv, făcând astfel posibilă urmărirea tendințelor. Eurofound publică actualizări periodice privind salariile minime legale și salariile convenite prin acord colectiv. Sunt monitorizate și evoluțiile la nivel național în raport cu mecanismele de stabilire a salariilor, egalitatea de remunerare, remunerarea variabilă, salariile mici și disparitatea salarială de gen.

Profilurile pe țări privind viața profesională conțin informații referitoare la salarizarea la nivel național și sunt actualizate periodic. EurWORK gestionează două baze de date privind salarizarea (vezi resursele de mai jos).

Monitorul European al Locurilor de Muncă (EJM) al Eurofound evaluează schimbările în materie de ocupare a forței de muncă, în funcție de diferite măsuri calitative, inclusiv de salarizare. În special, acesta contribuie la cunoașterea noastră a fenomenului polarizării forței de muncă – adică, măsura în care creșterea ocupării ar putea fi mai pronunțată în partea de sus și de jos a distribuției salariale decât în partea de mijloc.

Datele de anchetă

De asemenea, sondajele Eurofound monitorizează condițiile salariale din UE. Aspectul salarial reprezintă tema centrală a cercetării Eurofound în evaluarea calității muncii. În cadrul Sondajului european privind condițiile de muncă (EWCS), câștigul salarial este unul din cei șapte indicatori ai calității locului de muncă. EWCS abordează și disparitatea salarială de gen. Explorați instrumentul interactiv de vizualizare a datelor EWCS.

Sondajul european privind calitatea vieții (EQLS) monitorizează impactul veniturilor asupra nivelului de trai și modul în care inegalitatea veniturilor se raportează la coeziunea socială și bunăstare. Acesta analizează modul în care criza a afectat familiile, cu accent pe familiile cu venituri mici, datoria gospodăriei și grupurile cu risc de sărăcie. De asemenea, EQLS culege informații privind venitul obținut la pensie și opțiunile de prelungire a vieții active. Explorați instrumentul interactiv de vizualizare a datelor EWCS.

Sondajul european în rândul întreprinderilor (ECS) abordează utilizarea schemelor de salarizare variabile în instituții, precum și asigurarea angajaților din aceste instituții prin acorduri colective de salarizare. Sondajul permite corelarea informațiilor despre remunerarea variabilă și negocierea salariilor cu informațiile despre organizarea muncii, managementul resurselor umane, participarea directă a angajaților și dialogul social, precum și cu performanța și bunăstarea la locul de muncă.

Key outputs

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Revizuirea anuală a salariilor minime din 2023 a fost elaborată în contextul unei rate a inflației fără precedent în întreaga Europă. Deși acest lucru a dus la creșteri substanțiale ale...

29 Iunie 2023
Publication
Research report
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Acest raport explorează distribuția averii deținute de gospodării în statele membre ale UE și analizează rolul averii în mobilitatea socială. Utilizând informații provenite din trei seturi de date [Sondajul privind...

30 Martie 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, there is a generally applicable statutory minimum wage and the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels and how this is determined across the EU in January 2016.

29 January 2016

Temporary employment has increased since the 1980s in most European countries as a result of demands for greater flexibility in labour markets and subsequent reforms of employment protection legislation. This report presents a broad picture of temporary employment across the EU27 between 2001 and

15 December 2015

Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008

04 November 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway

04 November 2015

Occupation is a critical factor in determining the type of working conditions a person will experience during their professional life. This report explores the working conditions of workers – particularly medium-to-low skilled and unskilled – in occupations that are found to have low levels of job

29 October 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of public sector pay and collective bargaining in the EU during the third quarter of 2015. Its main focus is a growing trend of restored pay levels in public sector agreements. It also deals with the broadening scope

27 October 2015

National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources

11 September 2015

This report describes the developments in collectively agreed pay in the EU Member States in 2014 and compares them to developments in previous years. While growth in collectively agreed pay in nominal terms declined, the declining growth of prices resulted in real collectively agreed pay increasing

05 August 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

This report gives an overview of recent developments in the distribution of wages in Europe from 2004 to 2011 – the period before and after the onset of the Great Recession. While the main focus is on the EU dimension, the report analyses relevant trends and developments within countries in a

11 May 2015

Online resources results (888)

Slovenia: Cross-border workers create new union

With more than 20,000 Slovenian workers travelling daily to work in Austria, Slovenian cross-border workers have established a new trade union to fight double taxation.

Ireland: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The first General Election since Ireland exited the bailout programme, continuing local pay bargaining and a six-day strike over pay at light rail tram company Luas are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in

United Kingdom: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The forthcoming referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union and the UK’s productivity gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first quarter of 2016.

Czech Republic: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Positive trends in economic performance (raising the issue of an imbalance between cheap labour and productivity), measures to deal with disadvantaged groups on the labour market, and equal pay are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Italy: New Stability Law extends range of tax-exempt benefits

Italy’s 2016 Stability Law supports the uptake of private welfare measures by extending the types of tax-exempt benefits offered by employers to include those agreed through collective bargaining.

Cyprus: Report analyses impact of crisis and adjustment programme

The annual economic report of the Cyprus Labour Institute concludes that fiscal adjustment had negative effects on GDP, employment and the unemployment rate, diverted resources from social uses towards servicing public debt, and caused a sharp deterioration in living conditions.

Finland: Immigrant employment – debate and action

Social partners seek to facilitate the integration of immigrants, but trade unions dismiss proposals for reduced salaries for unqualified immigrants.

Norway: Employer confederations seek minimum wage for refugees and immigrants

There is no national statutory minimum wage in Norway. However, several employer confederations have taken an initiative to introduce a minimum wage in relation to the current refugee situation.

Croatia: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

​The election of Croatia’s new Prime Minister and government, and serious challenges to public finance over public-sector wages are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Croatia in the first quarter of 2016.

Slovenia: Controversy over amendments to the Minimum Wage Act

The definition of the minimum wage in Slovenia was changed at the end of November 2015. From 1 January 2016, the allowances for unfavourable working time (night, Sunday and holiday work) are exempted from it and paid separately. Trade unions are pleased, but employer organisations were outraged and


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Ianuarie 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 August 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Iunie 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octombrie 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Iunie 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Iunie 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Aprilie 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Februarie 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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