Přejít k hlavnímu obsahu
Shutterstock image of young couple reviewing their finances

Mzdy a příjmy

Mzdy a příjmy mají zásadní význam pro pracovněprávní vztahy a kvalitu života. Tomuto problému je na úrovni EU věnována větší pozornost v důsledku celkového hospodářského a společenského vývoje vyvolaného krizí.

Topic

Recent updates

eurofoundtalks-19-gender-pay-gap.png

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
ef22064_card_cover.png

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Leden 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Evropský pilíř sociálních práv stanoví závazky EU týkající se mezd: právo pracovníků na spravedlivou mzdu umožňující důstojnou životní úroveň; zajištění odpovídající minimální mzdy a zamezení chudoby pracujících.

Činnost nadace Eurofound

Nadace Eurofound předkládá pravidelné zprávy týkající se různých hledisek mezd a příjmů s ohledem na měnící se hospodářskou situaci v Evropě.

Sledování mezd

Prostřednictvím své Evropské observatoře pracovního života (EurWORK) shromažďuje nadace Eurofound širokou škálu informací o mzdách. Díky pravidelnému podávání zpráv vznikají delší série pozorování týkající se mezd stanovených na základě kolektivních smluv, což umožňuje sledovat trendy vývoje. Nadace Eurofound zveřejňuje pravidelné doplnění aktuálních informací týkající se zákonné minimální mzdy a mzdy stanovené na základě kolektivních smluv. Rovněž sleduje vývoj na úrovni členských států v souvislosti s mechanismy stanovování mezd, se stejnou odměnou, pohyblivou složkou mzdy, nízkými mzdami a rozdíly v odměňování žen a mužů.

Profily pracovního života zemí obsahují informace o mzdách na vnitrostátní úrovni a jsou pravidelně aktualizovány. Nadace EurWORK spravuje dvě databáze o mzdách (viz zdroje níže).

Evropský monitor pracovních míst nadace Eurofound (EJM) hodnotí posuny v oblasti zaměstnanosti podle jednotlivých zaměstnání na základě různých kvalitativních opatření včetně mezd. Zejména rozšiřuje naše znalosti ohledně jevu zvaného polarizace zaměstnání – tj. rozsahu, v němž bude růst zaměstnanosti pravděpodobně větší v horní a spodní části rozložení mezd v porovnání se střední částí.

Údaje z průzkumu

Průzkum nadace Eurofound rovněž sleduje situaci mezd v EU. Mzdy sehrávají v rámci výzkumu nadace Eurofound rozhodující úlohu při posouzení kvality práce. V průzkumu pracovních podmínek v Evropě (Průzkum pracovních podmínek v Evropě) tvoří příjmy jeden ze sedmi ukazatelů kvality pracovních míst. Průzkum pracovních podmínek v Evropě rovněž zahrnuje rozdíly v odměňování žen a mužů. Vyzkoušejte Interaktivní nástroj pro vizualizaci údajů z průzkumu pracovních podmínek v Evropě.

Průzkum kvality života v Evropě (EQLS) sleduje dopad příjmů na životní úroveň a na to, jak souvisí příjmová nerovnost se sociální soudržností a pohodou. Analyzuje vliv krize na rodiny a zaměřuje se přitom na rodiny s nízkými příjmy, závazky vyplývající z obstarávání běžných záležitostí rodiny a skupiny ohrožené chudobou. Průzkum kvality života v Evropě také shromažďuje informace o příjmu v důchodu a možnosti prodlužování pracovního života. Vyzkoušejte interaktivní nástroj pro vizualizaci údajů z průzkumu kvality života v Evropě.

Evropský průzkum společností (ECS) zachycuje využívání systémů pohyblivé složky mzdy v institucích a zahrnuje i zaměstnance těchto institucí, na něž se vztahují kolektivní smlouvy o mzdách. Průzkum umožňuje propojit informace o pohyblivé složce mzdy a mzdovém vyjednávání s informacemi o organizaci práce, řízení lidských zdrojů, přímé účasti zaměstnanců na sociálním dialogu, stejně jako s informacemi o výkonnosti a pohodě na pracovišti.

Key outputs

ef23019_card_cover.png

Přezkum minimálních mezd v roce 2023 byl vypracován v kontextu nebývalé inflace v celé Evropě. Přestože inflace vedla v řadě zemí k výraznému zvýšení nominálních mezd, v mnoha případech to...

29 Červen 2023
Publication
Research report
ef22002_card_cover.png

Pandemie covidu-19 měla na jednotlivé sociální skupiny různé dopady, a to v závislosti na stávajících znevýhodněních, přičemž panovalo všeobecné přesvědčení, že v nejrůznějších oblastech života vyvolala nárůst nerovností. Tato zpráva...

24 Leden 2023
Publication
Research report
ef20034en_card_cover.png

Tato zpráva zkoumá rozdělení bohatství domácností v členských státech EU a analyzuje roli bohatství v sociální mobilitě. S využitím údajů ze tří souborů údajů (průzkum financování a spotřeby domácností, průzkum zdraví, stárnutí a důchodu v Evropě a lucemburská...

30 Březen 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
caros-vacas-2023.png

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, there is a generally applicable statutory minimum wage and the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels and how this is determined across the EU in January 2016.

29 January 2016

Temporary employment has increased since the 1980s in most European countries as a result of demands for greater flexibility in labour markets and subsequent reforms of employment protection legislation. This report presents a broad picture of temporary employment across the EU27 between 2001 and

15 December 2015

Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008

04 November 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway

04 November 2015

Occupation is a critical factor in determining the type of working conditions a person will experience during their professional life. This report explores the working conditions of workers – particularly medium-to-low skilled and unskilled – in occupations that are found to have low levels of job

29 October 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of public sector pay and collective bargaining in the EU during the third quarter of 2015. Its main focus is a growing trend of restored pay levels in public sector agreements. It also deals with the broadening scope

27 October 2015

National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources

11 September 2015

This report describes the developments in collectively agreed pay in the EU Member States in 2014 and compares them to developments in previous years. While growth in collectively agreed pay in nominal terms declined, the declining growth of prices resulted in real collectively agreed pay increasing

05 August 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

This report gives an overview of recent developments in the distribution of wages in Europe from 2004 to 2011 – the period before and after the onset of the Great Recession. While the main focus is on the EU dimension, the report analyses relevant trends and developments within countries in a

11 May 2015

Online resources results (888)

Norway: Quick settlement in the 2017 bargaining round

In March 2017, the peak-level confederations achieved a quick resolution in their negotiations on this year’s wage increases for major parts of the Norwegian private sector. The agreement set a mark for other sectors in line with this trendsetting bargaining model. This year’s negotiations proved

Denmark: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

New collective agreements providing small wage increases and improvements to education and training, taxi firm Uber’s exit from Denmark; and strengthened working environment rules are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life

Luxembourg: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Reform of the guaranteed minimum income, new collective bargaining in the banking sector and a major dispute in the health and social care sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Luxembourg in the first quarter

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The effects of the decision by the Confederation of Finnish Industries EK to terminate most peak-level agreements with trade unions and a setback for employment policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Romania: New law aims to tackle wage inequities in labour market

The Romanian government has proposed a new unitary pay law aimed at addressing the increasing wage imbalances across sectors. This article looks at the social partners’ views and the relevant regulations.

Norway: Low-paid workers fall behind

Most workers in Norway have had a substantial increase in their real wages in the past 15 years. However, a new report shows that low-paid workers – mostly found in the private service sector – have not had any rise in real wages in the last seven years and that wage inequality is growing.

Ireland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The establishment of a Labour Employer Economic Forum, pay disputes involving the police and teachers, and the resolution of pay disputes by Dublin bus and tram drivers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland

Belgium: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The definition of hazardous jobs, measures to promote youth employment, a series of collective redundancies and proposals to alter wage formation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Belgium in the third quarter of

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The drafting of the State budget (including discussions on the minimum wage), civil service reforms, an agreement on the State revenue system and debates on social insurance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Květen 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Leden 2023
ef22071.png

Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Srpen 2022
ef22069.png

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Červen 2022
image_blog_26102021.png

While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Říjen 2021
ef21081.png

With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Červen 2021
ef21078.png

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Červen 2021
ef21075_v2.png

The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Duben 2021
ef21048.png

​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Únor 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.