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Condiciones de trabajo y trabajo sostenible

Las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible son una de las seis actividades principales del programa de trabajo de Eurofound para el período 2021-2024. Eurofound seguirá funcionando como centro de conocimientos especializados para el seguimiento y el análisis de los avances que se cosechen en este ámbito, incluida la manera en que la crisis de la COVID-19 ha repercutido en las condiciones laborales y la calidad del empleo, así como en las prácticas en el lugar de trabajo.

Durante el período 2021-2024, Eurofound proporcionará información importante sobre los retos y las perspectivas relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo y el trabajo sostenible en la UE. Basándose en la larga experiencia adquirida en este ámbito, Eurofound examinará las tendencias y los avances a lo largo del tiempo e identificará las preocupaciones emergentes en torno a las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo. El análisis abarcará diferentes países, sectores, ocupaciones y grupos de trabajadores sobre cuestiones como la organización del trabajo y el teletrabajo , el horario laboral , el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal , la igualdad de trato , la salud y el bienestar en el lugar de trabajo , las cualificaciones y la formación , los ingresos y las perspectivas y la satisfacción en el trabajo. Se prestará especial atención a las formas de empleo atípicas , en particular al trabajo por cuenta propia.

A la luz del reto demográfico que suponen para la UE el envejecimiento de la población y la creciente diversidad de la vida laboral, Eurofound continuará explorando los factores que permiten que un mayor número de trabajadores se mantenga laboralmente activo durante más tiempo. También se centrará en mejorar la calidad del empleo como factor propiciador de una mayor participación en el mercado laboral y en incrementar la motivación de los empleados, para así contribuir a un trabajo sostenible a lo largo de la vida.

Los vínculos entre trabajo y salud se investigarán en estrecha consulta con la Agencia Europea para la Seguridad y la Salud en el Trabajo (EU-OSHA). Eurofound pretende intensificar su colaboración con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) en cuestiones relacionadas con el futuro del trabajo y las condiciones laborales a nivel mundial.

 

Es una buena noticia en general, porque las condiciones de trabajo en la Unión Europea están mejorando, aunque muy lentamente; lo que nos preocupa es que esta mejora no alcance a todos los grupos de trabajadores. Depende en gran medida del sector en el que se trabaje, depende del nivel de estudios y, francamente, también depende de si eres hombre o mujer».

— Barbara Gerstenberger, jefa de la Unidad de Vida Laboral

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Principales mensajes políticos

Infografía 2021

Las principales conclusiones de la investigación de Eurofound sirven de base para que los responsables políticos aborden algunas de las cuestiones clave en este ámbito.

  • La mejora de las condiciones de trabajo es crucial para los trabajadores y las empresas. Es preciso considerar muchos aspectos diferentes de la calidad del empleo. Los empleos de buena calidad permiten a las personas desarrollar vidas laborales más largas y mejores, contribuyendo al trabajo sostenible y a un equilibrio positivo entre la vida laboral y la personal.
  • En general, las condiciones de trabajo en la UE están mejorando, aunque el ritmo de los avances sea gradual. El progreso no ha sido tan rápido para algunos grupos de trabajadores: depende del tipo de contrato de trabajo, del sector y del nivel educativo alcanzado.
  • Hay muchas maneras de mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad del empleo en la UE. Sin duda, los gobiernos tienen un papel importante que desempeñar en el establecimiento del marco por medio de la regulación. Pero también los trabajadores, los empleadores y sus organizaciones son agentes importantes. Para muchas dimensiones de la calidad del empleo, el lugar de trabajo es donde se produce el cambio.
  • Solo una quinta parte de las empresas europeas han encontrado el secreto para lograr un nivel óptimo de bienestar y rendimiento empresarial en el lugar de trabajo. Se ha demostrado que los lugares de trabajo de «alta inversión y alta participación» ofrecen los mejores resultados a los trabajadores y a los empleadores, impulsando el rendimiento y mejorando la calidad del empleo mediante el aumento de la autonomía de los empleados, la potenciación de la participación de los trabajadores y la promoción de la formación y el aprendizaje.
  • Muchas personas tienen dificultades para conciliar los compromisos laborales y no laborales, en particular los padres y otros cuidadores. Si bien las modalidades de trabajo flexibles pueden ayudar a abordar estos problemas, también plantean retos. El teletrabajo, por ejemplo, ofrece más libertad para elegir cuándo y dónde trabajar, pero también puede traducirse en jornadas laborales más largas e intensas y en una mayor dificultad para desconectar del trabajo.
  • El aumento del teletrabajo durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto la difuminación de la línea entre trabajo y vida personal. Muchos gobiernos e interlocutores sociales están debatiendo iniciativas sobre el «derecho a desconectar» para evitar que amplios segmentos de trabajadores corran el riesgo de sufrir agotamiento físico y emocional.
  • En el futuro, los interlocutores sociales deberían tratar de incluir disposiciones para los trabajadores sobre el carácter voluntario del teletrabajo o la idoneidad de tareas específicas para el teletrabajo en cualquier marco jurídico o acuerdo. También será esencial aclarar cómo pueden contribuir los empleadores a los gastos asociados al trabajo desde casa, así como las garantías de igualdad salarial y acceso a la formación de quienes teletrabajan.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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