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Tiempo de trabajo

El tiempo de trabajo es todo período durante el cual un trabajador está trabajando, a disposición del empresario, y está realizando sus actividades o tareas, de conformidad con la legislación o la práctica nacional. El tiempo de trabajo varía entre trabajadores, en función de las diferentes ocupaciones o etapas de la vida, y el género reviste una especial importancia a la hora de determinar estas diferencias.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

El tiempo de trabajo es un elemento clave de la vida laboral y su regulación ha ocupado el centro de atención de los debates políticos, económicos y sociales a escala nacional y de la UE. A fin de proteger la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores, la Directiva sobre ordenación del tiempo de trabajo de la Unión exige a todos los Estados miembros que garanticen unas normas mínimas sobre tiempo de trabajo para todos los trabajadores en toda la Unión Europea. Entre estas se incluyen normas sobre el máximo de horas semanales trabajadas (fijado en 48 horas), los períodos mínimos de descanso y pausa, las vacaciones anuales, el trabajo nocturno y por turnos.

La labor de Eurofound

Desde hace ya muchos años, Eurofound viene recopilando información sobre diversos aspectos del tiempo de trabajo y sus implicaciones para las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad de vida de hombres y mujeres en la UE. Los estudios de Eurofound sobre el tiempo de trabajo tienen como objetivo mejorar la comprensión acerca de su organización, y cómo esta afecta al empleo, la productividad, el bienestar y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral. Los datos sobre tiempo de trabajo conforme al convenio colectivo y el papel de los interlocutores sociales han sido publicados periódicamente, y han sido analizados recientemente desde una perspectiva a largo plazo. Las investigaciones sobre el tiempo de trabajo de los hombres frente al de las mujeres muestra que los hombres son mucho más propensos a trabajar durante más horas, y que las mujeres tienen una mayor probabilidad de invertir más tiempo realizando labores domésticas no remuneradas.

Regulación y organización del tiempo de trabajo

La regulación del tiempo de trabajo desempeña un papel a la hora de aumentar el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral , así como la participación en el mercado laboral . En un clima económico que cambia a gran velocidad, las empresas y los trabajadores necesitan flexibilidad. Eurofound ha examinado la relación entre el tiempo de trabajo y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral, desde una perspectiva que considere la trayectoria vital.

Las investigaciones han analizado los diversos aspectos de la organización del tiempo de trabajo y las consecuencias para la productividad y las condiciones de trabajo . Dado que la organización del tiempo de trabajo está cambiando, Eurofound, junto con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, examinó recientemente los efectos del teletrabajo y el trabajo mediante TIC o tecnologías móviles sobre el tiempo de trabajo de las personas que emplean estos regímenes de trabajo.

Adoptando un enfoque del tiempo de trabajo a largo plazo, un estudio reciente ha examinado la evolución de elementos del tiempo de trabajo conforme al convenio colectivo en la Unión a comienzos del siglo XXI. El estudio se centra en cinco sectores en particular: la química, la metalurgia, la banca, el sector minorista y la administración pública. En el informe se describen los regímenes institucionales de regulación y se evalúan los cambios, tanto de las horas de trabajo convenidas como de las habituales, entre 1999 y 2014.

El tiempo de trabajo en análisis de encuestas

Las tres principales encuestas de Eurofound arrojan datos sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el tiempo de trabajo.

La Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS) abarca el tiempo de trabajo desde diversos ángulos. En la sexta EWCS, de 2015, la calidad del tiempo de trabajo fue uno de los siete índices de calidad del empleo. Se empleó para medir la incidencia de largas jornadas de trabajo, el margen para realizar pausas, las jornadas de trabajo atípicas, las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo y la flexibilidad, y cómo estos aspectos repercuten sobre la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que un 43 % de los trabajadores tiene horarios laborales muy regulares.

Empleando datos de la sexta EWCS, Eurofound ha analizado recientemente los modelos de tiempo de trabajo para lograr un trabajo sostenible. El análisis examina los vínculos entre los modelos de tiempo de trabajo, el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral y las preferencias del tiempo de trabajo, así como la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores. Además, evalúa la sostenibilidad de las condiciones laborales y los modelos de tiempo de trabajo actuales de cara al futuro.

La Encuesta europea sobre calidad de vida (EQLS) examina las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo, tanto remunerado como no remunerado, y su repercusión sobre la satisfacción con el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral.

Las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo pueden tener un impacto considerable sobre la eficiencia, la productividad y la competitividad de las empresas, además de sobre la salud, el bienestar y la motivación de los empleados. Mediante la Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS), Eurofound también ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo sobre el tiempo de trabajo y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral. Ha analizado la prevalencia de las organizaciones flexibles del tiempo de trabajo y las cuentas de tiempo de trabajo, el trabajo a tiempo parcial, las horas de trabajo extraordinarias y atípicas, los permisos parentales y otros permisos de larga duración, la jubilación gradual y anticipada, y las políticas específicas de apoyo al equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral en las empresas.

Destacado: actualización temática de EurWORK sobre el trabajo dominical en Europa

23 de septiembre de 2016 - Los Estados miembros de la Unión han aprobado leyes para regular las horas de apertura de las tiendas y los negocios los domingos. No obstante, también hay en algunos Estados miembros nuevas leyes que restringen las horas de apertura. De conformidad con la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo, la proporción de trabajadores que declaran trabajar los domingos aumentó entre 2010 y 2015, lo cual contribuye a la idea de que el comercio dominical es cada vez más común.
¿Qué está sucediendo con el trabajo dominical en Europa?

Recursos

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Octubre 2023
Publication
Research report
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Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.El presente informe tiene por objeto evaluar el impacto inicial de la crisis...

11 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

Flexibility raises many new risks and challenges. and its widespread take-up underlines the growing importance of working conditions issues. This report explores the impact of flexibility on working conditions and the resultant health and social effects on workers engaged in this kind of work. The

13 October 2000

Shiftwork and other forms of working at unusual hours, and especially working at night have always raised some health concerns. This issue of BEST aims to provide help and guidance in this complex area and covers sleep and fatigue; digestion; heart disease; women's problems; social and domestic life

21 June 2000

The first issue of the new BEST reports on Foundation research into urban time policies in five Member States which identified and analysed innovative cases involving the synchronisation of various time policies (working hours, school time and shop opening hours). The study highlights the case of

24 November 1999

Precarious employment not only covers employees with fixed term and temporary contracts (and some categories of self-employed workers) but also workers with low incomes and/or short working hours. This publication describes the extent, consequences and reasons for precarious employment in order to

17 February 1999

Online resources results (559)

Germany: Effects of digitalisation on the labour market and working conditions

​The opportunities and challenges sparked by the digital revolution have been highlighted in a Green Paper by The Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs. The ministry has also invited social partners and the public to participate in a new forum, to identify solutions to the anticipated

Norway: Provisions of Working Environment Act come into effect

New provisions in the Working Environment Act came into force on 1 July 2015, with changes affecting maximum penalties, the collective right to sue and regulations concerning temporary employment, working time and age limits.

Spain: State of play regarding work–life balance and working time in companies

The economic crisis and recent labour reforms in Spain have hindered the development of policies to help employees have a better work–life balance, according to a report released in March 2015. The report, backed by the CCOO union federation, examines existing rights concerning work–life balance and

UK: Opportunities for flexible working are increasing

Opportunities for flexible working are widely available in the UK and employers’ enthusiasm for the concept is increasing, a survey has shown. However, the government-funded survey has also provided a mixed picture of the awareness of these opportunities and of the use of recent statutory provisions

Finland: Debate on increasing annual working hours launched

A proposal from the Confederation of Finnish Industries argues for 100 additional annual working hours per employee, to boost productivity and competitiveness. Trade unions have strongly criticised the proposal.

France: Work pressure intensifies in public and private sectors

Employees in France are facing increasing pressure at work from several sources, according to a government survey. The greatest stress comes from having to work quickly, or having to keep up with a production line. The report also says more workers are having their pace of work monitored by a

Portugal: Public sector workers demand return to 35-hour week

Public sector workers went on strike throughout Portugal in March to demand the return of the 35-hour week.

Spain: Number of companies applying internal flexibility measures has tripled

The number of Spanish companies applying flexibility measures to working time and pay tripled between 2012 and 2013


Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Octubre 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 Mayo 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febrero 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Noviembre 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Noviembre 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 Noviembre 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Septiembre 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Marzo 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 Noviembre 2015
Data results (20)

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