Migración y movilidad
La libre circulación interna de mano de obra es una piedra angular de la agenda política de la UE desde hace algunos años, con los objetivos subyacentes de fomentar los intercambios entre países y equilibrar las diferencias relacionadas con sistemas nacionales específicos. Tanto la migración como la movilidad son necesarias para abordar los desequilibrios de capacidades y responder a las demandas del mercado laboral. La movilidad ofrece oportunidades a los ciudadanos de la UE.
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20 October 2025
23 September 2024
This report examines convergence in human capital – specifically that of individuals with tertiary education – in the EU, analysing three phases: creation, utilisation in the labour market and mobility. The analysis finds that Member States are performing better in creating human capital through education but finds disparities in the other two phases, with differences in labour market opportunities resulting in different mobility flows. A cost estimate exercise reveals that a country’s lack of attractiveness to talented individuals has economic repercussions, and that loss of human capital through emigration is not balanced by returning or incoming talent. If the imbalance in human capital circulation in the EU is not addressed, this may hurt convergence, leaving Member States and regions without the skills to negotiate the twin transition successfully. An examination of policies to attract talent illuminates the need for long-term initiatives and to link them with labour market opportunities.
28 March 2024
This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for societal inclusion. The main aim is to explore and highlight the interplay between different areas of integration: employment, housing arrangements, healthcare (including mental health care), access to childcare and social assistance. The report uses information collected by Eurofound from the Member States and Norway and covers developments up to mid-2023. It examines the following issues: employment levels and barriers to labour market access for Ukrainian refugees; support measures for labour market integration; and the ways in which the Member States and Norway facilitate access to key services (housing, education, healthcare and social assistance) and the challenges that have to be overcome in this regard.
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28 March 2024
Social impact of migration: Addressing the challenges of receiving and integrating Ukrainian refugees
This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for societal inclusion. The main aim is to explore and highlight the interplay between different areas of integration: employment, housing arrangements, healthcare (including mental health care), access to childcare and social assistance. The report uses information collected by Eurofound from the Member States and Norway and covers developments up to mid-2023. It examines the following issues: employment levels and barriers to labour market access for Ukrainian refugees; support measures for labour market integration; and the ways in which the Member States and Norway facilitate access to key services (housing, education, healthcare and social assistance) and the challenges that have to be overcome in this regard.
14 June 2023
Barriers to employment of displaced Ukrainians
In responding to Russia’s war against Ukraine, the EU activated its Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) for people who fled the country, allowing them to settle in the EU and to access basic public services and the labour market. By spring 2023, more than 4.5 million people had made use of the TPD or similar national protection schemes in the EU. In 2022, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights conducted an online survey among people displaced from Ukraine. Eurofound has analysed the survey results on their experiences when seeking to access employment. This paper highlights the main barriers that displaced people encountered and suggests ways to facilitate their inclusion.
20 October 2021
Watch the video - Joint webinar: Equality and inclusion in a post-pandemic EU
25 June 2020
Racial discrimination is not a thing of the past in the EU
27 November 2019
How your birthplace affects your workplace
Employment statistics consistently show that having a foreign background has an influence on people’s employment prospects. Less is known about the types of jobs workers with foreign backgrounds hold and their working conditions. This policy brief contributes to filling this gap. It compares the experience of workers with a foreign background to that of native workers; it also distinguishes between the experiences of first-generation and second-generation migrants and between those of women and men.
The evidence shows that having a foreign background can have a negative impact both on labour market integration and working conditions. However, significant differences emerge between different groups of migrants. The findings highlight the clear need for a nuanced approach to policymaking to ensure a level playing field in the labour market for workers with a foreign background.
19 June 2019
Role of public services in integrating refugees and asylum seekers
Following the influx of over three million asylum seekers into the European Union in the three-year period 2015–2017, Member States faced a number of challenges related to integrating the newly arrived into their country. This report explores the role of public services – specifically housing, social services, health and education services – in the social and economic integration of refugees and asylum seekers. It aims to identify the factors that hinder this process and the elements that contribute to successful integration. The overall focus is on destination countries, particularly the three countries most affected by the inflow of refugees and asylum seekers: Austria, Germany and Sweden.
Expertos en Migración y movilidad
Los investigadores de Eurofound proporcionan conocimientos expertos y se les puede contactar para preguntas o solicitudes de los medios de comunicación.
Eleonora Peruffo
Research officerEleonora Peruffo es investigadora de la unidad de Políticas Sociales de Eurofound. Trabaja en temas relacionados con la convergencia ascendente y la cohesión social en Europa. Durante 2021-2022, proporcionó análisis de datos para la Encuesta Telefónica Europea sobre las Condiciones de Trabajo (EWCTS). Se incorporó a Eurofound en 2014 y ha trabajado en temas relacionados con la reestructuración, el empleo y la digitalización. Tiene una maestría en Ciencias Diplomáticas y Relaciones Internacionales otorgada por la Universidad de Trieste y una maestría en Ciencias de la Computación - Análisis de Datos del National College of Ireland.
Karel Fric
Research officerKarel Fric es investigador de la unidad de Políticas Sociales de Eurofound. Su trabajo incluye la investigación de encuestas, el análisis de datos y la gestión de proyectos, con un enfoque particular en las condiciones de trabajo y de vida, la igualdad y la discriminación. Anteriormente trabajó como investigador en la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea en Viena, Austria, y en Panteia, una organización de investigación y consultoría con sede en Zoetermeer, Países Bajos. Karel tiene un doctorado en Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Erasmus de Rotterdam y una maestría en Economía de la Universidad de Utrecht.
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