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Töötasu ja sissetulek

Töötasu ja sissetulek on töösuhete ja elukvaliteedi keskmes. ELi tasandil on sellele teemale veelgi rohkem tähelepanu pööratud kriisiolukorras toimunud muutuste tõttu nii majanduses kui ka ühiskonnas tervikuna.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 jaanuar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sammas kehtestab ELi kohustused seoses palgaga: töötajate õigus saada õiglast palka, mis tagab inimväärse elatustaseme; piisava miinimumpalga tagamine; töötajate vaesuse vältimine.

Eurofoundi töö

Eurofound avaldab korrapäraselt aruandeid töötasu ja sissetuleku eri aspektide kohta, võttes arvesse muutuvaid majandustingimusi kogu Euroopas.

Töötasu järelevalve

Euroopa Tööelu Vaatluskeskuse (EurWORK) kaudu koondab Eurofound töötasuga seotud teabe. Korrapärane aruandlus loob võimaluse vaadelda kollektiivselt kokkulepitud töötasu pikemaajaliselt, mis toob esile ka suundumused. Eurofound avaldab korrapäraselt seadusjärgse miinimumpalga ja kollektiivselt kokkulepitud töötasu temaatilisi ülevaateid. Samuti jälgib ta palgakujunduse mehhanismide, võrdse tasustamise, muutuvtasu, madala palga ja soolise palgaerinevuse arenguid riigiti.

Tööelu profiilid riigiti sisaldavad töötasu teavet riikide kaupa, profiile ajakohastatakse regulaarselt. EurWORK haldab kahte töötasuga seotud andmebaasi (vt allikad allpool).

Eurofoundi Euroopa töökohtade uuringus hinnatakse tööhõive muutusi töökohtade järgi, võttes arvesse mitmesuguseid kvalitatiivseid tegureid, sealhulgas töötasu. Eelkõige suurendab see teadmisi tööhõive polarisatsiooniga seotud nähtusest: mil määral on tööhõive kasv tõenäoliselt suurem palgajaotuse ülemises ja alumises osas kui keskel.

Uuringuandmed

Eurofoundi uuringutes jälgitakse ka töötasutingimusi ELis. Töötasu on Eurofoundi uuringutes töökvaliteedi hindamisel kesksel kohal. Euroopa töötingimuste uuringus on sissetulek üks seitsmest töökvaliteedi näitajast. Euroopa töötingimuste uuringus antakse teavet ka soolise palgalõhe kohta. Vt lähemalt: Euroopa töötingimuste uuringu interaktiivne andmete visualiseerimise vahend.

Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus jälgitakse sissetuleku mõju elatustasemele ja sellele, kuidas sissetulekute ebavõrdsus on seotud sotsiaalse ühtekuuluvuse ja heaoluga. Analüüsitakse, kuidas on kriis mõjutanud perekondi, vaadeldes väikese sissetulekuga perekondi, eluaseme laenu ja vaesusriskiga rühmasid. Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus kogutakse ka teavet sissetulekute kohta pensionile jäämisel ja millised on tööelu pikendamise võimalused. Vt lähemalt: Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu interaktiivne andmete visualiseerimise vahend.

Euroopa ettevõtete uuringus kajastatakse muutuvpalga kavade kasutamist ettevõtetes, samuti nende ettevõtete töötajate hõlmamist kollektiivsete palgakokkulepete abil. Uuring võimaldab seostada muutuvtasu ja palgaläbirääkimiste teavet töökorralduse, personalijuhtimise, töötajate otsese osalemise ja sotsiaalse dialoogi ning tulemuslikkuse ja töökoha heaolu teabega.

Key outputs

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Miinimumpalga 2023. aasta ülevaade koostati enneolematu üleeuroopalise inflatsiooni kontekstis. Kuigi see tõi paljudes riikides kaasa nominaalpalkade märkimisväärse tõusu, ei piisanud sellest sageli, et säilitada töötajate ostujõud. Viimase kümnendi arengute põhjal...

29 juuni 2023
Publication
Research report
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COVID-19 pandeemia mõjus sotsiaalsetele rühmadele erinevalt, sõltudes olemasolevatest ebasoodsatest tingimustest, ning üldiselt arvati, et see suurendas ebavõrdsust eri eluvaldkondades. Kasutades ELi mitmemõõtmelise ebavõrdsuse järelevalveraamistiku (MIMF) näitajaid, näitab käesolev aruanne, kuidas...

24 jaanuar 2023
Publication
Research report
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Aruandes uuritakse leibkonna jõukuse jaotumist ELi liikmesriikides ning analüüsitakse jõukuse osa sotsiaalses liikuvuses. Uuringus on kasutatud kolme andmestikku (leibkonna eelarve ja tarbimise uuring, tervist, vananemist ja pensionile jäämist Euroopas käsitlev...

30 märts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2021 for 28 countries – the 27 EU Member States and Norway. The country reports summarise evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey results during 2021. They

19 May 2022

Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how

10 March 2022

Viimastel aastatel, välja arvates mõned katkendlikud hüpped, on töövõitlused ELi liikmesriikides üldiselt vähenenud. COVID-19 pandeemia ajal see suundumus jätkus ning pole üllatav, et kõige olulisemad töövaidlused esinesid inimeste tervishoiu- ja sotsiaalteenuste sektoris, haridussektoris ning

07 February 2022

Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse

28 January 2022

Viimase poole sajandi üks silmatorkavamaid arenguid on olnud naiste tööturul osalemise tohutu kasv. Viimase kahe aastakümne jooksul ELis loodud kolmest uuest töökohast kaks said endale naised. Samal ajal on elanikkonna vananemisest ja poliitilistest muudatustest tingitud järsult kasvav tööhõive määr

14 December 2021

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021

Euroopa rohelise kokkuleppega käivitab EL poliitikad ja meetmed, mille eesmärk on ennetada ja leevendada kliimamuutuste mõju. Põhieesmärk on alustada üleminekut kliimaneutraalsele majandusele. Sellisel väga vajalikul kliimamuutuste poliitikal võib siiski olla soovimatu jaotuslik mõju üksikisikutele

06 July 2021

Aruandes on kokkuvõte sellest, kuidas 2020. aastal – mil maailmas oli COVID-19 pandeemia – kehtestati miinimumpalgad 2021. aastaks. Aruandes on ülevaade liikmesriikide otsustajate kohatud raskustest ning sellest, kuidas nad tulid toime miinimumpalgaga seotud otsuste tegemisel pandeemiast tingitud

10 June 2021

Aruandes uuritakse leibkonna jõukuse jaotumist ELi liikmesriikides ning analüüsitakse jõukuse osa sotsiaalses liikuvuses. Uuringus on kasutatud kolme andmestikku (leibkonna eelarve ja tarbimise uuring, tervist, vananemist ja pensionile jäämist Euroopas käsitlev uuring ja Luksemburgi jõukuseuuring)

30 March 2021

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2020 for 29 countries – the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. The country reports summarise first evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey

23 March 2021

Online resources results (888)

Slovenia: Cross-border workers create new union

With more than 20,000 Slovenian workers travelling daily to work in Austria, Slovenian cross-border workers have established a new trade union to fight double taxation.

Ireland: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The first General Election since Ireland exited the bailout programme, continuing local pay bargaining and a six-day strike over pay at light rail tram company Luas are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in

United Kingdom: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The forthcoming referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union and the UK’s productivity gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first quarter of 2016.

Czech Republic: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Positive trends in economic performance (raising the issue of an imbalance between cheap labour and productivity), measures to deal with disadvantaged groups on the labour market, and equal pay are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Italy: New Stability Law extends range of tax-exempt benefits

Italy’s 2016 Stability Law supports the uptake of private welfare measures by extending the types of tax-exempt benefits offered by employers to include those agreed through collective bargaining.

Cyprus: Report analyses impact of crisis and adjustment programme

The annual economic report of the Cyprus Labour Institute concludes that fiscal adjustment had negative effects on GDP, employment and the unemployment rate, diverted resources from social uses towards servicing public debt, and caused a sharp deterioration in living conditions.

Finland: Immigrant employment – debate and action

Social partners seek to facilitate the integration of immigrants, but trade unions dismiss proposals for reduced salaries for unqualified immigrants.

Norway: Employer confederations seek minimum wage for refugees and immigrants

There is no national statutory minimum wage in Norway. However, several employer confederations have taken an initiative to introduce a minimum wage in relation to the current refugee situation.

Croatia: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

​The election of Croatia’s new Prime Minister and government, and serious challenges to public finance over public-sector wages are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Croatia in the first quarter of 2016.

Slovenia: Controversy over amendments to the Minimum Wage Act

The definition of the minimum wage in Slovenia was changed at the end of November 2015. From 1 January 2016, the allowances for unfavourable working time (night, Sunday and holiday work) are exempted from it and paid separately. Trade unions are pleased, but employer organisations were outraged and


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 jaanuar 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 august 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juuni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktoober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 juuni 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 juuni 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 aprill 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 veebruar 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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