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Avalikud teenused

Avalikud teenused, nagu tervishoid, haridus, sotsiaalhoolekanne ja transport, on väga olulised kõrgetasemelise sotsiaalkaitse, sotsiaalse ühtekuuluvuse ja sotsiaalse kaasatuse saavutamiseks. Kuid teenuste edu muutuval sotsiaalsel ja demograafilisel maastikul sõltub nende kvaliteedist ja kättesaadavusest.

Poliitikakujundajate ülesanne on tagada kodanike eri vajadustele vastavate tervishoiu- ja sotsiaalteenuste väljatöötamine ja osutamine. Seda ülesannet on raskendanud viimaste aastate ranged rahalised piirangud ja suurenev nõudlus, mis on osaliselt tingitud elanikkonna vananemisest ja osaliselt pagulastetulvast Euroopasse. Lisaks taskukohasusele ja kvaliteedile tekivad ka uuemad probleemid. Nende hulka kuuluvad ka risk, et teenuste osutamise uued digitaalsed kanalid võivad juba niigi ebasoodsas olukorras kogukonnad isoleerida, ja võimalikud raskused teenuste kättesaadavuse ja kvaliteedi standardite tagamisel.

2013. aastal esitatud komisjoni sotsiaalsete investeeringute paketis kutsutakse liikmesriike üles pöörama suuremat tähelepanu kvaliteetsetele avalikele teenustele. Peale selle tõstetakse 2015. aastal vastu võetud komisjoni Euroopa digitaalse ühtse turu strateegias esile avalike teenuste moderniseerimist kui konkurentsivõime suurendamise viisi. Uute tehnoloogiate, avalike veebiteenuste ja piiriülese koostalitlusvõime kasutuselevõtmine on otsustava tähtsusega kulutõhususe suurendamisel ja teenuste kvaliteedi tõstmisel. 2017. aasta aprillis esitas komisjon Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste samba paketi, mille põhimõtetes käsitletakse juurdepääsu heale haridusele, alusharidusele ja lapsehoiule, tervishoiule, sotsiaalmajutusele ja muudele olulistele teenustele.

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Recent updates

Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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Child with parent visiting doctor © pressmaster/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective and free access to quality healthcare for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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EU context

Eurofoundi töö

Eurofound uurib kodanike vajadusi üldiselt, keskendudes eelkõige noortele, eakatele, füüsilise või vaimse tervise probleemidega inimestele ja rändaja taustaga inimestele. Ta jälgib ja analüüsib avalike teenuste muutusi, mille on tinginud eelarvepiirangud, poliitika muutused ning tehnoloogia areng ja digitaliseerimine. Põhjalike juhtumiuuringute kaudu käsitletakse Eurofoundi avalike teenuste uuringutes ka teenuseosutajate perspektiive ja nende reageerimist nende teenuste kasutajate muutuvatele vajadustele.

Põhipanus

Eurofoundi elukvaliteedi uuringu (EQLS) analüüsis vaadeldakse kriisi mõju Euroopa ühiskonnale ja seda, kuidas eurooplased tajuvad oma ühiskonna ja avalike teenuste kvaliteeti. Põhjalike uuringute käigus käsitletakse mitut olulist teemat, sealhulgas majanduskriisi ja sotsiaalhoolekandereformide mõju elatustasemele ja ühiskonna kvaliteedile.

Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu andmeid kasutades on eelkõige vaadeldud sotsiaalset ebavõrdsust neljas olulise tähtsusega eluvaldkonnas, milleks on tervis, elatustase, tootlikud ja väärtustatud tegevused ning isiklik pere- ja ühiskondlik elu. Analüüside keskmes on olnud ka perekonnad, seejuures on vaadeldud lastega perede elukvaliteedi muutusi ELis ning võrreldud nende elatustaset ja sotsiaalset olukorda. 

Muud huvipakkuvad valdkonnad on olnud halbade elamistingimuste sotsiaalsed ja majanduslikud kulud ja mõju ning eraõiguslike haiglateenuste osutamise kasv kogu Euroopas. Peale selle on aruteluteemaks olnud liikuvate kodanike sissevoolu suurenemise mõju ELi liikmesriikide avalikele teenustele.

Eurofoundi jaoks on olnud tähtsad teemad noorte sotsiaalse kaasatuse toetamise meetmed ja noortegarantii rakendamise kogemused. Lisaks on alushariduse ja lapsehoiuteenuste kättesaadavus ja kvaliteet pälvinud ELi poliitilistes aruteludes rohkem tähelepanu ja olnud ka Eurofoundi uuringute keskmes.

Eurofoundil on edaspidi plaanis uurida 2016. aastal korraldatud neljanda Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu andmeid kasutades, kui hästi täidavad avalikud teenused sotsiaalsete rühmade vajadusi, et aidata poliitikakujundajatel osutada piisavaid ja asjakohaseid sotsiaalteenuseid. Eurofound kavatseb käsitleda digitaliseerimise ühiskondlikke ja geograafilisi piire ületavat mõju, uurides, kuidas uued tehnoloogiad saavad toetada tervishoiu- ja sotsiaalteenuste väljatöötamist ja osutamist.

Social inclusion: Protecting young people and children

Measures to support the social inclusion of young people and experience of the implementation of the reinforced Youth Guarantee have been important topics for Eurofound. In addition, access to early childhood education and care services and the quality of such services have been gaining greater prominence in the EU policy debate around the European Child Guarantee and have also been the focus of Eurofound research.

Focus on various public services

Other areas of interest for Eurofound include housing unaffordability and inadequacy, as well as household over-indebtedness and debt advisory services. Research has also explored access to energy, public transport and digital communications for people on low incomes. 

Future research will focus on mental health services and services facilitating independent living. Furthermore, the impact of the inflow of mobile citizens on the public services of EU Member States will be an important consideration.

Key outputs

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The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in...

21 september 2023
Publication
Policy brief
Front cover for Eurofound's publication entitled 'Social services in Europe: Adapting to a new reality'

Selles aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju sotsiaalteenustele ELis. Kuigi pandeemia mõjutas sotsiaalteenuseid negatiivselt, õpetas see siiski, kuidas neid uutele väljakutsetele ja sotsiaalsetele riskidele reageerimiseks kohandada. Üks õppetund on näiteks, et...

16 august 2023
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Examining services for labour market integration of people with disabilities based on data from the EQLS 2016 to support policymaking in designing relevant and efficient services
    • Mapping developments in advisory for household debt in EU countries as well as identifying barriers to access these services to combat poverty and assessing take-up
    • Analysing differences and inequalities in access to social services of general interest in the EU and assessing the nature and extent of convergence/divergence

     

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

    Senior research manager,
    Social policies research unit
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    Daniel Molinuevo is a research manager in the Social Policies unit, having joined Eurofound in 2010. His research on health and social care has focused on the quality and...

    Research manager,
    Social policies research unit
    Publications results (103)

    The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

    18 October 2023

    The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

    21 September 2023

    Selles aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju sotsiaalteenustele ELis. Kuigi pandeemia mõjutas sotsiaalteenuseid negatiivselt, õpetas see siiski, kuidas neid uutele väljakutsetele ja sotsiaalsetele riskidele reageerimiseks kohandada. Üks õppetund on näiteks, et tuleks välja töötada poliitikad

    16 August 2023

    In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

    07 September 2022

    A new European Disability Strategy was launched in 2021 with the aim of intensifying progress on ensuring the full participation of people with disabilities in society. The increase of EU policy focus on people with disabilities is timely: the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the challenges they faced in

    21 March 2022

    Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse

    28 January 2022

    The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and

    30 September 2021

    Selles aruandes käsitletakse ELi liikmesriikide poliitilisi arengusuundumusi, millega toetatakse puuetega inimeste kaasamist avatud tööturule, keskendudes eelkõige tööle asumise, tööl püsimise ja pärast äraolekut tööle naasmise kolmele etapile. Selles uuritakse enam kui 150 sellise erineva

    19 April 2021

    The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the accessibility of health, education and care services for all Europeans. This is also the case for children, who in several countries have seen their schools closed and replaced with remote learning. They have been affected, too, by the pandemic

    28 January 2021

    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

    14 December 2020

    Online resources results (53)

    Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

    The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional

    Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

    Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

    Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

    Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

    Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

    Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

    Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

    Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

    Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

    France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

    In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.


    Blogs results (7)

    Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

    24 oktoober 2023
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    The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

    5 Mai 2022
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    Healthcare providers have been overwhelmed by the demand for COVID-19-related care. Medical appointments and treatments for other conditions have often been delayed, potentially leading to escalating health problems and greater future care needs among those who have missed out. If the pandemic leads

    18 jaanuar 2021
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    An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

    2 detsember 2020
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    Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

    8 Mai 2019
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    Austerity measures introduced during the crisis have disproportionately concerned cuts in the measures that are most vital for reducing child poverty: cash and tax benefits, a new Eurofound report shows. Furthermore, there has been a move away from universal coverage towards more targeted support

    3 veebruar 2016
    Upcoming publications results (1)

    Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

    September 2024
    Data results (2)
    7 november 2023
    Reference period:
    24 oktoober 2023
    Reference period:

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