Pereiti į pagrindinį turinį
Shutterstock image of young couple reviewing their finances

Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos

Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos yra pagrindinis darbo santykių ir gyvenimo kokybės aspektas. Dėl krizės sukeltų ekonominių ir visuomeninių pokyčių šiam klausimui ES lygmeniu skirta dar daugiau dėmesio.

Topic

Recent updates

ef22064_card_cover.png

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Sausis 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 Europos socialinių teisių ramstyje išdėstyti ES įsipareigojimai darbo užmokesčio srityje: darbuotojų teisė į sąžiningą darbo užmokestį, kuriuo užtikrinamas deramas gyvenimo lygis; užtikrinamas minimalus darbo užmokestis; užkertamas kelias dirbančiųjų skurdo atsiradimui.

EUROFOUND atliktas darbas

EUROFOUND, atsižvelgdamas į besikeičiančias ekonomines aplinkybes visoje Europoje, reguliariai teikia ataskaitas apie įvairius su darbo užmokesčiu ir pajamomis susijusius aspektus.

Darbo užmokesčio stebėsena

Per savo Europos profesinio gyvenimo stebėjimo tarnybą („EurWORK“) EUROFOUND vienoje vietoje pateikia įvairią informaciją apie darbo užmokestį. Reguliariai teikiant ataskaitas galima įgyti daugiau stebėjimo duomenų apie kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį, todėl galima stebėti tendencijas. EUROFOUND reguliariai skelbia aktualią atnaujintą informaciją apie įstatyme nustatytą minimalų ir kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį. EUROFOUND taip pat stebi nacionalinio lygmens pokyčius susijusius su darbo užmokesčio nustatymo mechanizmais, vienodu darbo užmokesčiu, kintamu darbo užmokesčiu, mažu darbo užmokesčiu ir vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumu.

Šalių informacijos suvestinės apie profesinį gyvenimą apima duomenis apie nacionalinį darbo užmokestį, kurie yra reguliariai atnaujinami. „EurWORK“ tvarko dvi duomenų apie darbo užmokestį bazes (žr. šaltinių skiltį toliau).

EUROFOUND Europos darbo vietų stebėjimo centras (EJM) vertina užimtumo pokyčius pagal darbo pobūdį ir atsižvelgia į įvairias kokybines priemones, įskaitant darbo užmokestį. Visų pirma centras padeda sužinoti daugiau apie užimtumo poliarizacijos reiškinį, t. y. mastą, kuriuo užimtumo augimas yra labiau tikėtinas atsižvelgiant į didžiausią ir mažiausią darbo užmokesčio pasiskirstymą, palyginti su vidutiniu darbo užmokesčiu.  

Tyrimo duomenys

Vykdant EUROFOUND tyrimus taip pat stebimos darbo užmokesčio sąlygos ES. Darbo užmokestis yra pagrindinis EUROFOUND tyrimų, per kuriuos vertinama darbo kokybė, aspektas. Europos darbo sąlygų tyrime (EDST) darbo užmokestis yra vienas iš septynių darbo kokybės rodiklių. EDST taip pat pateikiama informacija apie vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumą. Susipažinkite su EDST interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos gyvenimo kokybės tyrimo (EGKT) metu stebimas pajamų poveikis gyvenimo lygiui ir kaip pajamų nelygybė yra susijusi su socialine sanglauda bei gerove. Tyrime analizuojama, kokį poveikį krizė padarė šeimoms, nagrinėjama mažas pajamas gaunančių šeimų padėtis, namų ūkio skola ir grupės, kurioms kyla skurdo rizika. EGKT metu taip pat renkama informacija apie pajamas, gaunamas išėjus į pensiją, ir profesinio gyvenimo pailginimo galimybės. Susipažinkite su EGKT interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos įmonių apklausos (EĮA) metu renkama informacija apie įvairių įmonėse naudojamų darbo užmokesčio sistemų naudojimą, taip pat duomenys apie šių įmonių darbuotojus, kuriems taikomi kolektyviniai susitarimai dėl darbo užmokesčio. Informacija sudaro sąlygas nustatyti ryšį tarp kintančio darbo užmokesčio ir derybų dėl darbo užmokesčio bei informacijos apie darbo organizavimą, žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymą, tiesioginį darbuotojų dalyvavimą ir socialinį dialogą, taip pat ryšį su darbo rezultatais ir gerove darbo vietoje.

Key outputs

ef23019_card_cover.png

2023 m. metinė minimaliojo darbo užmokesčio peržiūra buvo parengta precedento neturinčios infliacijos visoje Europoje aplinkybėmis. Nors dėl jos daugelyje šalių nominalusis darbo užmokestis stipriai išaugo, daugeliu atvejų to nepakako, kad...

29 Birželis 2023
Publication
Research report
ef22002_card_cover.png

Nelygu, kokios nelygybės jau būta, COVID-19 pandemija socialinėms grupėms atsiliepė įvairiai, ir buvo plačiai manoma, kad dėl jos nelygybė įvairiose gyvenimo srityse tik dar labiau padidėjo. Remiantis ES daugiapakopės nelygybės...

24 Sausis 2023
Publication
Research report
ef20034en_card_cover.png

Šioje ataskaitoje nagrinėjamas namų ūkių turto pasiskirstymas ES valstybėse narėse ir analizuojamas turto vaidmuo socialiniam judumui. Naudojantis duomenimis, gautais iš trijų duomenų bazių (Namų ūkio finansų ir vartojimo tyrimo, Sveikatos...

30 Kovas 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
caros-vacas-2023.png

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)

EMU and UK industrial relations

The UK - then led by a Conservative Government - was one of two European Union (EU) Member States (along with Denmark) that decided to "opt out" of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which was agreed as part of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union of 1992. The third stage of EMU, involving a

1998 collective bargaining commences in industry

Since Denmark's industry sector concluded a three-year collective agreement in 1995, while the rest of the private sector bargaining units concluded two-year agreements which were renewed in 1997 by one-year agreements (DK9705110F [1]), industry is faced with two main issues in the 1998 bargaining

Union confederations sign agreement on supporting job creation in the South

Labour flexibility has returned to the agenda in Italy after the Cgil, Cisl and Uil trade union confederations reached agreement in December 1997 on "guidelines to follow in negotiations between the social partners to support the growth of investment and job creation in the Mezzogiorno". The

Big pay gap remains between men and women

A report published by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) on 9 December 1997 shows that, despite the adoption of equal pay legislation at European level more than 20 years ago, a large pay gap remains between men and women. The report (, Eurostat statistics in focus

New collective agreement in the east German steel industry

On 7 January 1998 the metalworkers' trade union, IG Metall, and the Steel Employers' Association (Arbeitgeberverband Stahl) signed a new collective agreement for the about 8,000 employees in the east German steel industry. The collective bargaining parties agreed on a flat-rate payment of DEM 330

Equal opportunities dominate bargaining in footwear industry

Bargaining over equal opportunities has been a central element in the 1998 round of negotiations in the Portuguese footwear industry. Even though equal rights and, above all, equal pay are guaranteed by law and collective bargaining, inequality continues because of structural and cultural factors

Uncertainty associated with the 1998 pay negotiations

During the spring of 1998 most of the pay agreements in Norway are to be renegotiated. It is anticipated that the right to further education and training will be a central issue during this year's settlement.

Distribution option for pay rises proves popular

On 20 October 1997 wage and salary collective agreements for industrial enterprises in the metalworking sector were concluded, which became effective from 1 November 1997 (AT9710138N [1]). They were negotiated by the Industry Federal Section of the Austrian Chamber of the Economy (Wirtschaftskammer

Survey of collective bargaining in 1997

According to a report on collective bargaining in Spain in 1997, conducted by the CEOE employers' confederation, changes have taken place in pay structure, involving an increase in the number of productivity bonuses and a reduction in the incidence of length-of-service payments. Clauses transforming

Second incomes policy agreement for employment is signed

In December 1997, the Finnish social partners signed an incomes policy agreement for the period from January 1998 to January 2000. The agreement - which is probably one of the most comprehensive in Finnish history, covering over 98% of wage-earners - provides for pay increases which will raise


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Gegužė 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Sausis 2023
ef22071.png

Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Rugpjūtis 2022
ef22069.png

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Birželis 2022
image_blog_26102021.png

While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Spalis 2021
ef21081.png

With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Birželis 2021
ef21078.png

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Birželis 2021
ef21075_v2.png

The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Balandis 2021
ef21048.png

​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Vasaris 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.