Pereiti į pagrindinį turinį
Shutterstock image of young couple reviewing their finances

Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos

Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos yra pagrindinis darbo santykių ir gyvenimo kokybės aspektas. Dėl krizės sukeltų ekonominių ir visuomeninių pokyčių šiam klausimui ES lygmeniu skirta dar daugiau dėmesio.

Topic

Recent updates

ef22064_card_cover.png

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Sausis 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 Europos socialinių teisių ramstyje išdėstyti ES įsipareigojimai darbo užmokesčio srityje: darbuotojų teisė į sąžiningą darbo užmokestį, kuriuo užtikrinamas deramas gyvenimo lygis; užtikrinamas minimalus darbo užmokestis; užkertamas kelias dirbančiųjų skurdo atsiradimui.

EUROFOUND atliktas darbas

EUROFOUND, atsižvelgdamas į besikeičiančias ekonomines aplinkybes visoje Europoje, reguliariai teikia ataskaitas apie įvairius su darbo užmokesčiu ir pajamomis susijusius aspektus.

Darbo užmokesčio stebėsena

Per savo Europos profesinio gyvenimo stebėjimo tarnybą („EurWORK“) EUROFOUND vienoje vietoje pateikia įvairią informaciją apie darbo užmokestį. Reguliariai teikiant ataskaitas galima įgyti daugiau stebėjimo duomenų apie kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį, todėl galima stebėti tendencijas. EUROFOUND reguliariai skelbia aktualią atnaujintą informaciją apie įstatyme nustatytą minimalų ir kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį. EUROFOUND taip pat stebi nacionalinio lygmens pokyčius susijusius su darbo užmokesčio nustatymo mechanizmais, vienodu darbo užmokesčiu, kintamu darbo užmokesčiu, mažu darbo užmokesčiu ir vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumu.

Šalių informacijos suvestinės apie profesinį gyvenimą apima duomenis apie nacionalinį darbo užmokestį, kurie yra reguliariai atnaujinami. „EurWORK“ tvarko dvi duomenų apie darbo užmokestį bazes (žr. šaltinių skiltį toliau).

EUROFOUND Europos darbo vietų stebėjimo centras (EJM) vertina užimtumo pokyčius pagal darbo pobūdį ir atsižvelgia į įvairias kokybines priemones, įskaitant darbo užmokestį. Visų pirma centras padeda sužinoti daugiau apie užimtumo poliarizacijos reiškinį, t. y. mastą, kuriuo užimtumo augimas yra labiau tikėtinas atsižvelgiant į didžiausią ir mažiausią darbo užmokesčio pasiskirstymą, palyginti su vidutiniu darbo užmokesčiu.  

Tyrimo duomenys

Vykdant EUROFOUND tyrimus taip pat stebimos darbo užmokesčio sąlygos ES. Darbo užmokestis yra pagrindinis EUROFOUND tyrimų, per kuriuos vertinama darbo kokybė, aspektas. Europos darbo sąlygų tyrime (EDST) darbo užmokestis yra vienas iš septynių darbo kokybės rodiklių. EDST taip pat pateikiama informacija apie vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumą. Susipažinkite su EDST interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos gyvenimo kokybės tyrimo (EGKT) metu stebimas pajamų poveikis gyvenimo lygiui ir kaip pajamų nelygybė yra susijusi su socialine sanglauda bei gerove. Tyrime analizuojama, kokį poveikį krizė padarė šeimoms, nagrinėjama mažas pajamas gaunančių šeimų padėtis, namų ūkio skola ir grupės, kurioms kyla skurdo rizika. EGKT metu taip pat renkama informacija apie pajamas, gaunamas išėjus į pensiją, ir profesinio gyvenimo pailginimo galimybės. Susipažinkite su EGKT interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos įmonių apklausos (EĮA) metu renkama informacija apie įvairių įmonėse naudojamų darbo užmokesčio sistemų naudojimą, taip pat duomenys apie šių įmonių darbuotojus, kuriems taikomi kolektyviniai susitarimai dėl darbo užmokesčio. Informacija sudaro sąlygas nustatyti ryšį tarp kintančio darbo užmokesčio ir derybų dėl darbo užmokesčio bei informacijos apie darbo organizavimą, žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymą, tiesioginį darbuotojų dalyvavimą ir socialinį dialogą, taip pat ryšį su darbo rezultatais ir gerove darbo vietoje.

Key outputs

ef23019_card_cover.png

2023 m. metinė minimaliojo darbo užmokesčio peržiūra buvo parengta precedento neturinčios infliacijos visoje Europoje aplinkybėmis. Nors dėl jos daugelyje šalių nominalusis darbo užmokestis stipriai išaugo, daugeliu atvejų to nepakako, kad...

29 Birželis 2023
Publication
Research report
ef22002_card_cover.png

Nelygu, kokios nelygybės jau būta, COVID-19 pandemija socialinėms grupėms atsiliepė įvairiai, ir buvo plačiai manoma, kad dėl jos nelygybė įvairiose gyvenimo srityse tik dar labiau padidėjo. Remiantis ES daugiapakopės nelygybės...

24 Sausis 2023
Publication
Research report
ef20034en_card_cover.png

Šioje ataskaitoje nagrinėjamas namų ūkių turto pasiskirstymas ES valstybėse narėse ir analizuojamas turto vaidmuo socialiniam judumui. Naudojantis duomenimis, gautais iš trijų duomenų bazių (Namų ūkio finansų ir vartojimo tyrimo, Sveikatos...

30 Kovas 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
caros-vacas-2023.png

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Kovas 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Image of young women placing an order to a waiter in a cafe

Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

ef23050.png

Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

image_article_minimum_wage_ef23051.png

Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

image_news_item_20012023.png

Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Spalis 2022
ef22067.png

First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Gegužė 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Sausis 2023
ef22071.png

Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Rugpjūtis 2022
ef22069.png

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Birželis 2022
image_blog_26102021.png

While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Spalis 2021
ef21081.png

With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Birželis 2021
ef21078.png

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Birželis 2021
ef21075_v2.png

The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Balandis 2021
ef21048.png

​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Vasaris 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.