Pereiti į pagrindinį turinį
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Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos

Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos yra pagrindinis darbo santykių ir gyvenimo kokybės aspektas. Dėl krizės sukeltų ekonominių ir visuomeninių pokyčių šiam klausimui ES lygmeniu skirta dar daugiau dėmesio.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Sausis 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 Europos socialinių teisių ramstyje išdėstyti ES įsipareigojimai darbo užmokesčio srityje: darbuotojų teisė į sąžiningą darbo užmokestį, kuriuo užtikrinamas deramas gyvenimo lygis; užtikrinamas minimalus darbo užmokestis; užkertamas kelias dirbančiųjų skurdo atsiradimui.

EUROFOUND atliktas darbas

EUROFOUND, atsižvelgdamas į besikeičiančias ekonomines aplinkybes visoje Europoje, reguliariai teikia ataskaitas apie įvairius su darbo užmokesčiu ir pajamomis susijusius aspektus.

Darbo užmokesčio stebėsena

Per savo Europos profesinio gyvenimo stebėjimo tarnybą („EurWORK“) EUROFOUND vienoje vietoje pateikia įvairią informaciją apie darbo užmokestį. Reguliariai teikiant ataskaitas galima įgyti daugiau stebėjimo duomenų apie kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį, todėl galima stebėti tendencijas. EUROFOUND reguliariai skelbia aktualią atnaujintą informaciją apie įstatyme nustatytą minimalų ir kolektyvinį darbo užmokestį. EUROFOUND taip pat stebi nacionalinio lygmens pokyčius susijusius su darbo užmokesčio nustatymo mechanizmais, vienodu darbo užmokesčiu, kintamu darbo užmokesčiu, mažu darbo užmokesčiu ir vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumu.

Šalių informacijos suvestinės apie profesinį gyvenimą apima duomenis apie nacionalinį darbo užmokestį, kurie yra reguliariai atnaujinami. „EurWORK“ tvarko dvi duomenų apie darbo užmokestį bazes (žr. šaltinių skiltį toliau).

EUROFOUND Europos darbo vietų stebėjimo centras (EJM) vertina užimtumo pokyčius pagal darbo pobūdį ir atsižvelgia į įvairias kokybines priemones, įskaitant darbo užmokestį. Visų pirma centras padeda sužinoti daugiau apie užimtumo poliarizacijos reiškinį, t. y. mastą, kuriuo užimtumo augimas yra labiau tikėtinas atsižvelgiant į didžiausią ir mažiausią darbo užmokesčio pasiskirstymą, palyginti su vidutiniu darbo užmokesčiu.  

Tyrimo duomenys

Vykdant EUROFOUND tyrimus taip pat stebimos darbo užmokesčio sąlygos ES. Darbo užmokestis yra pagrindinis EUROFOUND tyrimų, per kuriuos vertinama darbo kokybė, aspektas. Europos darbo sąlygų tyrime (EDST) darbo užmokestis yra vienas iš septynių darbo kokybės rodiklių. EDST taip pat pateikiama informacija apie vyrų ir moterų darbo užmokesčio skirtumą. Susipažinkite su EDST interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos gyvenimo kokybės tyrimo (EGKT) metu stebimas pajamų poveikis gyvenimo lygiui ir kaip pajamų nelygybė yra susijusi su socialine sanglauda bei gerove. Tyrime analizuojama, kokį poveikį krizė padarė šeimoms, nagrinėjama mažas pajamas gaunančių šeimų padėtis, namų ūkio skola ir grupės, kurioms kyla skurdo rizika. EGKT metu taip pat renkama informacija apie pajamas, gaunamas išėjus į pensiją, ir profesinio gyvenimo pailginimo galimybės. Susipažinkite su EGKT interaktyvia duomenų vizualizacijos priemone.

Europos įmonių apklausos (EĮA) metu renkama informacija apie įvairių įmonėse naudojamų darbo užmokesčio sistemų naudojimą, taip pat duomenys apie šių įmonių darbuotojus, kuriems taikomi kolektyviniai susitarimai dėl darbo užmokesčio. Informacija sudaro sąlygas nustatyti ryšį tarp kintančio darbo užmokesčio ir derybų dėl darbo užmokesčio bei informacijos apie darbo organizavimą, žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymą, tiesioginį darbuotojų dalyvavimą ir socialinį dialogą, taip pat ryšį su darbo rezultatais ir gerove darbo vietoje.

Key outputs

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2023 m. metinė minimaliojo darbo užmokesčio peržiūra buvo parengta precedento neturinčios infliacijos visoje Europoje aplinkybėmis. Nors dėl jos daugelyje šalių nominalusis darbo užmokestis stipriai išaugo, daugeliu atvejų to nepakako, kad...

29 Birželis 2023
Publication
Research report
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Nelygu, kokios nelygybės jau būta, COVID-19 pandemija socialinėms grupėms atsiliepė įvairiai, ir buvo plačiai manoma, kad dėl jos nelygybė įvairiose gyvenimo srityse tik dar labiau padidėjo. Remiantis ES daugiapakopės nelygybės...

24 Sausis 2023
Publication
Research report
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Šioje ataskaitoje nagrinėjamas namų ūkių turto pasiskirstymas ES valstybėse narėse ir analizuojamas turto vaidmuo socialiniam judumui. Naudojantis duomenimis, gautais iš trijų duomenų bazių (Namų ūkio finansų ir vartojimo tyrimo, Sveikatos...

30 Kovas 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings in the EU during the first quarter of 2014. It features trends in pay, collective wage bargaining, wage-setting mechanisms and issues around minimum wages and equal pay.

18 February 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on pay in the EU during the second quarter of 2014. Post-crisis shifts in pay levels, national debates on the minimum wage and research into the gender pay gap are the main focus of this report.

18 February 2015

In the recent past, the policy debate around wage setting – both at European and the national level – has reflected the view that wages should better reflect differences in productivity developments. This article provides an overview of related debates in a number of Member States in 2014. By and

18 February 2015

This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on

16 January 2015

In order to develop effective and focused strategies to uphold social cohesion and improve happiness and quality of life in Europe, it is above all necessary to understand how complex social developments interact with each other. In particular since – as this study amply demonstrates – the different

25 November 2014

The available national data reveal that average nominal collectively agreed pay increases in 2013 were roughly the same as or lower than those in 2012 in all the countries examined. However, because of lower inflation rates, employees in a number of countries saw the purchasing power of their wages

12 June 2014

This report maps the impact of the global financial, economic and public debt crisis on industrial relations and working conditions at national level in the EU Member States from 2008 to end 2012. The impact of the crisis on industrial relations is mapped with regard to the actors, processes and

22 April 2014

The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively

13 April 2014

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

During the last few decades, public administration workers have been subject to a number of structural, modernising reforms, in a framework often designated as ‘new public management’. The current economic and financial crisis has also meant that the steep rise in public debt has prompted many

12 January 2014

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Kovas 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Spalis 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Gegužė 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Sausis 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Rugpjūtis 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Birželis 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Spalis 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Birželis 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Birželis 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Balandis 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Vasaris 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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