Pārlekt uz galveno saturu
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Darba attiecības un sociālais dialogs

Darba attiecības un sociālais dialogs ir viena no sešām galvenajām Eurofound 2021.–2024. gada darba programmas darbībām. Eurofound turpinās darboties kā zinātības centrs, kas uzrauga un analizē norises darba attiecību sistēmās un sociālajā dialogā valstu un ES līmenī. Tas turpinās atbalstīt dialogu starp darba devējiem un darba ņēmējiem, tostarp ņemot vērā Covid-19 ietekmi, šim nolūkam izmantojot Eurofound korespondentu tīkla zināšanas valsts līmenī.

Nākamajos četros gados Eurofound nodrošinās svarīgu izpratni par darba attiecībuun sociālā dialogaproblēmām un perspektīvām Eiropas Savienībā. Izmantojot uzkrātās zināšanas šajā jomā, Eurofound pēta galvenās norises, kas ietekmē darba attiecību dalībniekus, procesus un galvenos rezultātus. Tas salīdzina valstu darba attiecību sistēmas, tostarp to, kā valstī notiek sociālais dialogs un darba koplīguma slēgšanas sarunas. Ņemot talkā 2020. gadā izveidoto Covid-19 EU PolicyWatch datubāzi,& Eurofound uzraudzīs valdību, sociālo partneru un citu rīcībspēku piedāvātās politikas iniciatīvas krīzes sociālo un ekonomisko seku mazināšanai, kā arī atveseļošanas veicināšanai. Tas turpinās gatavot regulārus ziņojumus par izmaiņām, kas skar atalgojuma noteikšanuminimālo alguun darba laiku, kā arī darba dzīves rezultātus.

Eurofound ar savām zināšanām atbalsta sociālo partneru spēju veidošanu, lai nodrošinātu efektīvu sociālo dialogu, un Aģentūra veicina Eiropas sociālā dialoga attīstību, izvērtējot reprezentativitātisociālo partneru organizācijās dažādās nozarēs, lai novērtētu to atbilstību dalībai sociālā dialoga komitejās.

„Mēs atbalstām dialogu starp darba devējiem un darba ņēmējiem. Un es uzskatu, ka mūsu iegūtie dati un veiktie pētījumi ir nozīmīgi, ja tie palīdz pašiem rīcībspēkiem darboties labāk. [..] Eiropas Savienība vēlas izveidot to, ko varētu dēvēt par sociālo tirgus ekonomiku, un aktīvs sociālais dialogs ir viena no šādas ekonomikas sastāvdaļām.”

Deivids Fodens, darba attiecību konsultants

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Maijs 2024
Publication
Annual report

Galvenie politikas vēstījumi

Infografika

Galvenie secinājumi, kas izriet no Eurofound pētījumiem, palīdz politikas veidotājiem risināt dažas no būtiskākajām problēmām šajā jomā.

  • Sociālo partneru dalībai darba koplīguma slēgšanas sarunās ir izšķiroša nozīme, lai nodrošinātu taisnīgu attieksmi pret Eiropas darba ņēmējiem un stabilu un paredzamu sistēmu darba devējiem.
  • Efektīvas darba koplīguma slēgšanas sarunas nodrošina iespēju uzņēmumiem savstarpējā konkurencē pievērsties galvenokārt efektivitātes palielināšanai, nevis ekspluatēt darbaspēku, nosakot vienādus darba samaksas noteikumus un darba apstākļus.
  • Līdz ar pārmaiņām sabiedrībā, darba tirgos un darba organizācijā darba attiecību sistēmas kļūst aizvien apdraudētākas. Līdz ar to dalībvalstu darba attiecību sistēmu galvenajiem rīcībspēkiem ar to esošajām spējām ir grūti darboties šādos apstākļos.
  • Atalgojuma ziņā konstatēts, ka septiņi no 10 darba ņēmējiem, kuri ES saņem minimālo algu, atzīst mazākas vai lielākas grūtības „savilkt kopā galus”, bet starp citiem darba ņēmējiem šādas grūtības atzīst mazāk nekā pieci no 10 strādājošajiem. Tomēr šie skaitļi ievērojami atšķiras atkarībā no valsts. Pandēmijas apstākļos minimālās algas var izmantot kā vienu no politikas pasākumiem, lai stabilizētu ienākumus un tādējādi arī pieprasījumu, novēršot tik strauju situācijas pasliktināšanos, kas izraisītu recesiju vai ekonomikas lejupslīdi.
  • Efektīvs Eiropas sociālais dialogs ir atkarīgs no ciešas dalībvalstu iesaistes, tāpēc ES programma joprojām ir aktuāla un ES autonomie nolīgumi tiek jēgpilni īstenoti valstu līmenī.
  • Lai gan Eiropas sociālā dialoga rezultātā tika izstrādātas vairākas kopīgas iniciatīvas, noslēgti ir tikai daži nolīgumi. Dažas nozares ir nobažījušās par to, ka sociālo partneru lūgumi īstenot nolīgumus, paredzot to Eiropas tiesību aktos, tika noraidīti un uzstāj, ka jāstiprina saiknes starp ES un valstu līmeni.
  • Daudzās dalībvalstīs bažas rada arodbiedrību blīvuma samazināšanās tendences. Mazāk nekā vienā no trim darbavietām (ar vairāk nekā 10 darbiniekiem) Eiropas Savienībā (29 %) ir kaut kādā veidā nodrošināta darba ņēmēju pārstāvība. Tiesību aktu prasības ir galvenais virzītājspēks pārstāvības nodrošināšanai.
  • ES darba attiecību sistēmu pamatā joprojām ir darba koplīguma slēgšanas sarunas. Politikas veidotājiem būtu jāizmanto Covid-19 krīzes sniegtā iespēja ieviest jaunas iniciatīvas, lai veicinātu, stiprinātu un atbalstītu sarunas par darba koplīguma slēgšanu.
  • Lai nodrošinātu efektīvu sociālo dialogu un labi funkcionējošas darba attiecības, nepietiek tikai ar sociālo partneru centieniem vien – ir jāsaņem valsts līdzekļi un valsts iestāžu atbalsts. Politikas veidotājiem būtu jāapsver jauni veidi, kā īstenot zināšanu pārnesi, nodrošināt resursus un panākt sociālo partneru iesaisti gan ES, gan valsts līmenī.
  • Lai nodrošinātu iekļaujošu un ilgtspējīgu izaugsmi un sociālo progresu Eiropas Savienībā, ir būtiski saglabāt un veicināt taisnīgas, labi funkcionējošas un līdzsvarotas darba attiecības. Situācijā pēc Covid-19 tas ļoti noderēs politikas veidotājiem arī ES sociālās un ekonomiskās dimensijas integrācijā, ko paredz Eiropas sociālo tiesību pīlārs.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Janvāris 2024
Publication
Work programme
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2023. gada pārskats par minimālajām algām tika sagatavots bezprecedenta inflācijas kontekstā visā Eiropā. Lai gan tas daudzās valstīs izraisīja ievērojamu nominālo algu līmeņu pieaugumu, daudzos gadījumos ar to nepietika, lai...

29 Jūnijs 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (531)

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

This report investigates the involvement of social partners in the just transition to a climate-neutral economy, with a particular focus on the territorial just transition plans. These plans aim to support the regions most negatively affected by the just transition by assisting workers to retrain

19 July 2023

2023. gada pārskats par minimālajām algām tika sagatavots bezprecedenta inflācijas kontekstā visā Eiropā. Lai gan tas daudzās valstīs izraisīja ievērojamu nominālo algu līmeņu pieaugumu, daudzos gadījumos ar to nepietika, lai saglabātu darba ņēmēju pirktspēju. Pamatojoties uz pēdējo desmit gadu

29 June 2023

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

05 May 2023

2022. gads aizsākās ar piesardzīgu optimismu. Eiropa atguvās no diviem Covid-19 pandēmijas gadiem, un NextGenerationEU nāca klajā ar atveseļošanas plānu, kas veido spēcīgu un ilgtspējīgu nākotni. Krievijas uzbrukums Ukrainai gada sākumā kardināli mainīja situāciju, taču radīja jaunus satricinājumus

04 May 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

In 2022, the European Semester process was updated to take into account the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) in February 2021. Over the past year, Member States have implemented national recovery and resilience plans (RRPs) in a context of huge geopolitical and economic upheaval

29 March 2023

This paper provides an overview of the involvement of the social partners in policymaking and social dialogue in recent years, primarily at national peak level. It will focus on the evolution of social dialogue over the past decade and a half in terms of its response to external shocks, focusing on

20 March 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

20 December 2022

This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies ETF, ECA an

20 December 2022

Online resources results (1768)

EU level: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Issues related to the European Commission’s proposal on the European Pillar of Social Rights, as well as some developments in social dialogue at EU level, are the main topics of interest in this article. This update reports on the latest developments in working life at EU level in the first quarter

Slovenia: Doctors' agreement could destabilise public sector salary system

After six months of tough negotiations and industrial action by doctors, the government and the doctors’ trade union finally signed a collective agreement in March 2017. Doctors achieved most of their demands, which related to working standards as well as wages. The annual cost of the agreement has

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The unions’ rejection of pension reform proposals, employers' demands for the withdrawal of a mini labour reform and the launch of the unions’ fair pay campaign are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovenia in the

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The inability of the national social partners to agree salary recommendations; digital disconnection after working hours; and the effects of the increase in the minimum wage on employment are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Bulgaria: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Rising wages following an increase in the minimum statutory wage, a victory for the centre-right party GERB in the March elections and predictions of a rise in employment in tourism are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Lithuania: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Controversial provisions in the Labour Code; four new members for Lithuania’s Tripartite Council; and initiatives by the main employer organisation, the Confederation of Lithuanian Industrialists, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The effects of the decision by the Confederation of Finnish Industries EK to terminate most peak-level agreements with trade unions and a setback for employment policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

France: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Preparations for the presidential election and a revival of national social dialogue with the signing of a new collective agreement on the unemployment insurance scheme are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in France

Cyprus: Disputes continue on health scheme proposals

Debate is continuing over a draft law to replace the existing public health scheme, which provides free healthcare only to patients with chronic or incurable diseases and/or who are on low incomes. Trade unions and employer organisations oppose proposals for insurance contributions, with the unions


Blogs results (22)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Jūnijs 2022
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With the arrival of the month of May, the 2022 European Semester Spring Package is anticipated soon. After a transformative year in 2021, which saw the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) under NextGenerationEU, the European Semester cycle has resumed its role as the reference

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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Jūnijs 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Jūnijs 2021
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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 Oktobris 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 Aprīlis 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Janvāris 2020
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 Novembris 2019
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Novembris 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 Jūlijs 2019

Upcoming publications results (9)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

June 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Janvāris 2024
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