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Negozjar kollettiv
In-negozjar kollettiv jirreferi għal kull negozjar bejn wieħed jew aktar impjegaturi (jew l-organizzazzjonijiet tagħhom) u wieħed jew aktar organizzazzjonijiet tax-xogħol (unions tax-xogħol) biex jiddeterminaw il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u t-termini ta' impjieg, inklużi kwistjonijiet relatati mal-paga u l-ħin tax-xogħol, u biex jirregolaw ir-relazzjonijiet bejn impjegaturi u ħaddiema, kif deskritt fil-Konvenzjoni 154 tal-ILO. Numru ta' dimensjonijiet tan-negozjar kollettiv ('struttura tan-negozjar') ġew identifikati. Dawn jinkludu kopertura li tirreferi għall-perċentwal ta' impjegati affettwati direttament mill-ftehimiet; il-livell li fih isir in-negozjar; il-qasam jew firxa ta' suġġetti inklużi n-negozjar; u l-fond – jiġifieri l-livell li fih il-ftehimiet jiġu implimentati u riveduti b'mod konġunt.
Sib l-aktar kontenut reċenti dwar dan is-suġġett hawn taħt.
Relazzjonijiet industrijali: Diskors dwar u żviluppi fl-arranġamenti tal-ħin tax-xogħol fl-2025
Il-bidliet fl-arranġamenti tal-ħin tax-xogħol madwar l-UE fl-2025 jirriflettu d-diversità tas-sistemi nazzjonali tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali u l-livelli li fihom iseħħ id-djalogu soċjali. Dan l-artiklu janalizza d-diskors u l-iżviluppi fl-2025 dwar il-ħin żejjed, ir-reġistrazzjoni tal-ħin, il-vaganzi annwali u t-tnaqqis fil-ħin tax-xogħol.Salarji minimi nazzjonali fl-UE: tkabbir immexxi mill-politika, konverġenza kontinwa u viċinanza akbar għal pagi negozjati
Matul is-sena li għaddiet, il-pagi minimi nazzjonali komplew jiżdiedu b'mod sinifikanti madwar l-UE, speċjalment fil-pajjiżi ċentrali u tal-Lvant tal-Ewropa, u komplew it-tnaqqis tad-differenzi reġjonali. Id-Direttiva tal-Paga Minima tal-UE ħarġet bħala mutur sinifikanti ta' żidiet fil-paga minima f'ħafna pajjiżi, li qabżet il-livelli tal-inflazzjoni u tiżdied aktar malajr mill-livelli tal-paga miftiehem kollettivament f'ħafna setturi bi paga baxxa.Erbgħin sena ta' data juru forza tax-xogħol Ewropea li ġiet trasformata b'mod irrikonoxxibbli
L-Istħarriġ tal-Kundizzjonijiet tax-Xogħol ta' Eurofound tal-2024 juri kif id-diġitalizzazzjoni, id-demografija u t-tibdil fil-klima biddlu l-ħaddiema Ewropej matul 35 sena.Eurofound jiġbor informazzjoni fil-livell tal-pajjiż dwar in-negozjar kollettiv fl-UE permezz tan-Netwerk tiegħu ta' Korrispondenti ta' Eurofound. Madwar l-UE, il-kopertura tan-negozjar kollettiv hija ħafna diversa, kif turi r-riċerka ta' Eurofound. Madwar 60% tal-impjegati huma koperti minn negozjar kollettiv fl-UE, iżda dan jvarja minn 80% jew aktar f'xi pajjiżi sa inqas minn 10% f'oħrajn (data tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea).
In-negozjar kollettiv, il-qalba tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali organizzati, isir f'settings istituzzjonali differenti. Is-sistemi nazzjonali jvarjaw skont ir-rwoli rispettivi tan-negozjar kollettiv u l-leġiżlazzjoni fir-regolazzjoni tas-suq tax-xogħol, fil-livelli fejn isir negozjar (intersettoriali, settorali, kumpanija u post tax-xogħol, reġjonali, okkupazzjonali), u fil-mod kif in-negozjati f'livelli differenti jistgħu jkunu marbuta (artikulazzjoni). Id-diplomi ta' ċentralizzazzjoni u koordinazzjoni tan-negozjar kollettiv – u speċjalment tan-negozjar tal-paga – huma karatteristiċi importanti tas-sistema, b'implikazzjonijiet kemm fuq is-suq tax-xogħol kif ukoll fuq ir-riżultati makroekonomiċi. Ir-riżultat tan-negozjar kollettiv huwa tipikament ftehim kollettiv. Dawn il-ftehimiet jistgħu jirregolaw kemm il-proċeduri tar-relazzjonijiet bejn il-partijiet sinjatarji kif ukoll it-termini u l-kundizzjonijiet ta' impjieg ta' dawk il-ħaddiema koperti mill-ftehim, bħal il-paga u l-ħin tax-xogħol.
Filwaqt li t-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea jirrikonoxxi l-awtonomija tal-partners soċjali, speċjalment fir-rigward tan-negozjar tal-paga, il-politiki tal-UE xorta waħda jeżerċitaw influwenza sinifikanti fuq in-negozjar kollettiv u s-sistema usa' tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Per eżempju, ir-rakkomandazzjonijiet speċifiċi għall-pajjiż (CSRs) fil-qafas tas-Semester Ewropew indirizzaw kwistjonijiet bħal allinjament tal-iżviluppi tal-paga mal-produttività, stabbiliment tal-paga minima u sistemi ta' indikazzjoni tal-paga. B'mod aktar ġenerali, in-negozjar kollettiv isir f'qafas li huwa, parzjalment, stabbilit mill-leġiżlazzjoni tal-UE, inkluż proviżjonijiet dwar il-paga ugwali għal xogħol ta' valur ugwali u r-rekwiżiti tad-Direttiva dwar il-Ħin tax-Xogħol u leġiżlazzjoni relatata.
Kummissjoni Ewropea: Semestru Ewropewopens in new tab
Kummissjoni Ewropea: Il-Kummissjoni tilqa' ftehim politiku dwar salarji minimi adegwati għall-ħaddiema fl-UEopens in new tab
Kummissjoni Ewropea: Direttiva dwar il-Ħin tax-Xogħol (2003/88/CE)opens in new tab
Din hija għażla tal-aktar riżultati importanti għal dan is-suġġett.
26 January 2024
Minimum wages for low-paid workers in collective agreements
In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24 low-paid sectors of interest – were selected to be ‘fully coded’ and representative data on negotiated minimum pay were compiled for 24 EU Member States. Based on more than 3,202 renewal texts, time series of collectively agreed minimum rates were created from 2015 to 2022 for 19 countries. This is the first time that an EU-wide data collection has provided comparative time series on negotiated pay. Key findings are is that in some countries outdated agreements contain rates below the applicable statutory minima, and that the potential of collective agreements to regulate pay generally or for employees earning higher wages than the minimum pay is not always fully capitalised on.
See also the national country reports (Eurofound papers), providing meta-data for the data collection, at the end of this web page.
30 August 2022
Moving with the times: Emerging practices and provisions in collective bargaining
This report analyses recent developments and emerging practices in collective bargaining processes and outcomes, mainly in the private sector. The report covers collective bargaining systems in 10 EU Member States and is based on cases identified through interviews with key stakeholders and negotiating parties at national level. It analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent economic and social crisis on collective bargaining dynamics and collective agreements. It also investigates practices and innovations that have emerged in response to structural drivers such as technological change, decarbonisation and climate-neutrality policies, and workforce ageing. It assesses the capacity of collective bargaining systems to adapt to structural changes in work, production and the labour market as well as medium-term trends.
4 March 2016
The importance of collective bargaining in establishing working time in Europe
1 March 2016
Working time developments in the 21st century: Work duration and its regulation in the EU
This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States and Norway, it focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. The report describes the institutional regimes of regulation and assesses the evolution of agreed working hours (hours expected to be spent on work according to collective agreements or agreed between employers and employees) and usual working hours (hours usually spent in practice in work activities) between 1999 and 2014. The report points to the tension that exists between the pressure for decreased working hours in favour of a better work–life balance and fewer health problems for workers and the need for working time flexibility to meet the demands of a modern world economy.
4 November 2015
Collective bargaining in Europe in the 21st century
Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008 economic crisis. This report sets out to map developments in all major aspects of collective bargaining (apart from pay and working time, which have been analysed separately by Eurofound) over the past 15 years. In doing so, it aims to distinguish long-term trends and to identify changes brought on by the crisis. It also aims to identify the directions collective bargaining is likely to take in the coming years. The study finds a common and strong trend of convergence across the EU towards decentralisation and more flexibility in collective bargaining processes, but with significant asymmetries in the timing and pace of change.
11 September 2015
Pay in Europe in different wage-bargaining regimes
National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources, including Eurofound and the European Commission AMECO database, this report analyses how the institutional features of national wage bargaining regimes influence pay outcomes. These features include bargaining level, type and level of coordination, use of opening clauses and the existence of wage pacts. The impact of government intervention through extension and derogation clauses and tripartite councils is also examined. The results of the study indicate that the key institutional variables of the wage-bargaining regime that influence pay outcomes are the type of coordination (how coordination is achieved) and the bargaining level.
13 April 2014
Pay in Europe in the 21st century
The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This report provides comparative time series on wage‑bargaining outcomes across the EU Member States and Norway, discussing pay developments against the background of different wage‑bargaining regimes and looks into the link between pay and productivity developments. It also investigates the different systems and levels of minimum wages in Europe at present, carrying out an accounting exercise through a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage set at 60% of the median national wage (with some alternative scenarios as well for comparison) in order to benchmark and evaluate minimum wage levels and systems in Europe, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties of coordination in this matter.
Ir-riċerkaturi tal-Eurofound jipprovdu għarfien espert u jistgħu jiġu kkuntattjati għal mistoqsijiet jew talbiet mill-midja.
Christine Aumayr-Pintar
Senior research managerChristine Aumayr-Pintar hija maniġer anzjan tar-riċerka fl-unità Working Life f'Eurofound. L-esperjenza ewlenija tagħha – applikata minn perspettiva komparattiva madwar l-UE – tiffoka fuq paga minima, paga negozjata kollettivament, djalogu soċjali u trasparenza tal-paga bejn is-sessi. Hija ko-awtriċi tar-reviżjonijiet annwali ta' Eurofound dwar il-pagi minimi fl-aħħar għaxar snin, għandha passjoni għad-dejta dwar ir-relazzjonijiet industrijali u żviluppat – fost proġetti oħra – id-database dwar il-pagi minimi f'ftehimiet kollettivi għal ħaddiema bi ħlas baxx u d-database tal-UE PolicyWatch. Bejn l-2021 u l-2026 koordinat ukoll ir-riċerka ta' Eurofound dwar id-djalogu soċjali u maniġment tan-Network Correspondents. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound fl-2009 kienet riċerkatriċi fis-swieq tax-xogħol u l-ekonomija reġjonali f'Joanneum Research fl-Awstrija. Għandha Master fl-Ekonomija u PhD fix-Xjenza Soċjali/Ekonomija, wara li studjat l-ekonomija f'Graz, Vienna u Jönköping.
Mária Sedláková
Research officerMária Sedláková hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound, speċjalizzata fir-relazzjonijiet industrijali komparattivi, djalogu soċjali u negozjar kollettiv. Għandha esperjenza fl-analiżi tal-kontenut ta' ftehimiet kollettivi. Ix-xogħol attwali tagħha jesplora r-rwol tal-partners soċjali fil-gvernanza tas-servizzi pubbliċi nazzjonali tal-impjieg u l-istituzzjonijiet tas-sigurtà soċjali, kif ukoll ir-rwol tad-djalogu soċjali fil-migrazzjoni tax-xogħol. Hija wkoll tikkontribwixxi għall-valutazzjoni tar-rappreżentattività tal-partners soċjali settoriali fil-livell tal-UE u tiffaċilita s-Seminars Tripartiti kull sentejn. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound, Mária wettqet riċerka dwar il-ftehim kollettiv fid-Dipartiment tal-Gvernanza u t-Tripartiżmu fl-Organizzazzjoni Internazzjonali tax-Xogħol f'Ġinevra (2020–2022), wara perjodu bħala riċerkatriċi fl-Istitut tal-Istudji tax-Xogħol tal-Ewropa Ċentrali f'Bratislava (2013–2020). Għandha MA fix-Xjenza Politika b'speċjalizzazzjoni fil-Politika Ewropea Komparattiva mill-Università Ċentrali Ewropea.
Victoria Cojocariu
Research officerVictoria Cojocariu hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound, taħdem fuq id-djalogu soċjali u r-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Hija involuta b'mod estensiv fl-istudji ta' rappreżentattività li Eurofound twettaq biex tappoġġja d-djalogu soċjali Ewropew, kif ukoll f'studji li janalizzaw ir-rwol tal-partners soċjali fuq livell nazzjonali u Ewropew u prattiċi ta' negozjar kollettiv. L-interessi tar-riċerka tagħha jinkludu d-diġitalizzazzjoni, l-organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol u l-prattiċi tax-xogħol. Mill-2025, Victoria timmaniġġja d-database tal-UE PolicyWatch. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound fl-2019, Victoria kienet riċerkatriċi għall-Centre for Public Innovation f'Bukarest u għall-Open Society Foundation Rumanija, fejn kontribwiet għal proġetti ta' riċerka nazzjonali nazzjonali ta' pajjiżi terzi, kif ukoll id-drittijiet tal-bniedem. Għandha gradwati BA u MA fis-Soċjoloġija.
Felix Appler
Research support officerFelix Appler huwa uffiċjal ta' appoġġ tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound. Ix-xogħol tiegħu jiffoka fuq ir-relazzjonijiet industrijali, il-pagi minimi u l-bini ta' databases relatati ma' dawn it-tema. Qabel, ħadem fl-Uffiċċju Statistiku Federali tal-Ġermanja (Destatis) u fil-Bank Dinji fl-Afrika tal-Lvant fejn wettaq stħarriġ tad-djar u riċerka dwar is-swieq tax-xogħol u l-faqar. Felix għandu Master fl-Ekonomija mill-Università ta' Bonn.
Din it-taqsima tipprovdi aċċess għall-kontenut kollu li ġie ppubblikat dwar is-suġġett.
