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Pracovný čas

Pracovný čas označuje akýkoľvek čas, počas ktorého pracovník pracuje, je k dispozícii zamestnávateľovi a vykonáva jeho aktivity alebo povinnosti v súlade s vnútroštátnym právnymi predpismi alebo postupmi. Pracovný čas zamestnancov v rôznych zamestnaniach a jednotlivých životných etapách sa líši a osobitným rozhodujúcim faktorom pri jeho určovaní je pohlavie.

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

Pracovný čas je zásadným prvkom pracovného života a jeho regulácia je v centre záujmu politických, hospodárskych a spoločenských diskusií tak na úrovni EÚ, ako aj na vnútroštátnej úrovni. V záujme ochrany zdravia a bezpečnosti pracovníkov sa v smernici EÚ o pracovnom čase od všetkých členských štátov vyžaduje, aby garantovali minimálne normy týkajúce sa pracovného času pre všetkých zamestnancov v EÚ. Ich súčasťou sú normy týkajúce sa maximálneho týždenného pracovného času (určený na 48 hodín), minimálneho času odpočinku a trvania prestávok, ročnej dovolenky, nočnej práce a práce na zmeny.

Práca nadácie Eurofound

Nadácia Eurofound dlhodobo zbiera informácie o rôznych aspektoch pracovného času a ich vplyve na pracovné podmienky a kvalitu života mužov a žien v EÚ. Cieľom štúdií nadácie Eurofound o pracovnom čase je lepšie porozumieť spôsobu, akým je pracovný čas organizovaný a ako táto organizácia vplýva na zamestnanie, produktivitu, pohodu a rovnováhu medzi pracovným a súkromným životom. Údaje o dohodnutom pracovnom čase a úlohe sociálnych partnerov sa pravidelne uverejňujú a nedávno boli analyzované aj z dlhodobého hľadiska. Výskum pracovného času mužov v porovnaní s pracovným časom žien ukázal, že muži s väčšou pravdepodobnosťou budú pracovať dlhšie, zatiaľ čo ženy budú skôr tráviť viac času vykonávaním neplatenej práce v domácnosti.

Regulácia a organizácia pracovného času

Regulácia pracovného času zohráva dôležitú rolu pri zvyšovaní rovnováhy medzi pracovným a súkromným životom, ako aj účasti na trhu práce. V atmosfére rýchlo sa meniacich hospodárskych podmienok potrebujú spoločnosti aj pracovníci flexibilitu. Nadácia Eurofound skúmala vzťah medzi pracovným časom a rovnováhou medzi pracovným a súkromným životom z celoživotnej perspektívy.

Výskum sa zameral na rôzne aspekty organizácie pracovného času a jej vplyvu na produktivitu a pracovné podmienky. Vzhľadom na to, že organizácia pracovného času sa mení, nadácia Eurofound v spolupráci s Medzinárodnou organizáciou práce nedávno skúmali účinky práce na diaľku a mobilnej práce s využitím IKT na pracovný čas osôb, ktorých sa takéto formy organizácie práce týkajú.

V nedávnej štúdii o pracovnom čase z dlhodobého hľadiska sa skúmal vývoj aspektov dohodnutého pracovného času v EÚ na začiatku 21. storočia. Stredobodom bolo najmä na päť sektorov: chemický priemysel, obrábanie kovov, bankovníctvo, maloobchod a verejná správa. V správe sa opisujú inštitucionálne postupy regulácie a hodnotia sa aj zmeny v dohodnutom pracovnom čase a obvyklom pracovnom čase počas obdobia rokov 1999 až 2014.

Pracovný čas v analýze prieskumov

Tri hlavné prieskumy nadácie Eurofound poskytujú údaje k problémom týkajúcim sa pracovného času.

V Európskom prieskume pracovných podmienok (EWCS) sa pracovný čas skúma z rôznych hľadísk. V šiestom prieskume EWCS z roku 2015 sa medzi sedem ukazovateľov kvality práce zaradila aj kvalita pracovného času. Bola použitá na meranie incidencie dlhého pracovného času, priestoru na prestávku, netypického pracovného času, foriem organizácie pracovného času a flexibility, a toho, ako tieto faktory vplývajú na zdravie a pohodu pracovníkov. Zo zistení vyplynulo, že 43 % pracovníkov má veľmi pravidelný pracovný režim.

Na základe údajov zo šiesteho prieskumu EWCS nadácia Eurofound nedávno preskúmala spôsoby rozvrhnutia pracovného času pre udržateľnú prácu. V analýze sa sledujú súvislosti medzi rozvrhnutím pracovného času, rovnováhou medzi pracovným a súkromným životom a preferenciami v oblasti pracovného času, ako aj zdravie a pohoda pracovníkov. Vyhodnocuje sa v nej aj to, nakoľko sú aktuálne pracovné podmienky a rozvrhnutie pracovného času udržateľné aj v budúcnosti.

V Európskom prieskume kvality života (EQLS) sa skúmajú formy organizovania plateného aj neplateného pracovného času a ich vplyv na spokojnosť s rovnováhou medzi pracovným a súkromným životom.

Formy organizovania pracovného času môžu mať výrazný vplyv na efektívnosť, produktivitu a konkurencieschopnosť podnikov a v neposlednom rade aj na zdravie, pohodu a motiváciu ich zamestnancov. Nadácia Eurofound v rámci Európskeho prieskumu podnikov (ECS) uskutočnila aj podrobný výskum o pracovnom čase a rovnováhe medzi pracovným a súkromným životom. Zamerala sa na prevalenciu pružných foriem pracovného času a účtov pracovného času, prácu na čiastočný úväzok, nadčasové hodiny a neštandardný pracovný čas, rodičovskú dovolenku a ostatné typy dlhodobých dovoleniek, postupný a predčasný odchod do dôchodku, ako aj konkrétne politiky na podporu rovnováhy medzi pracovným a súkromným životom v spoločnostiach.

Súvisiace: Aktuálne informácie monitorovacieho centra EurWORK o nedeľnej práci v Európe

23. septembra 2016 – Členské štáty EÚ schvaľujú právne predpisy zamerané na reguláciu otváracích hodín obchodov a prevádzok v nedeľu. Sú však aj také členské štáty, v ktorých sa otváracie hodiny novými právnymi predpismi obmedzujú. Podľa Európskeho prieskumu pracovných podmienok sa podiel pracovníkov, ktorí vykazujú prácu v nedeľu, v období medzi rokmi 2010 a 2015 zvýšil, čo podporuje myšlienku, že obchodná činnosť počas nedele sa stáva čoraz bežnejšou.
Čo sa deje v oblasti nedeľnej práce v Európe?

Zdroje

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 október 2023
Publication
Research report
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Táto správa predstavuje výskum nadácie Eurofound týkajúci sa telepráce počas pandémie COVID-19 v rokoch 2020 a 2021. Skúmajú sa v ňom zmeny vo výskyte telepráce, v pracovných podmienkach zamestnancov pracujúcich...

8 december 2022
Publication
Research report
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Účelom tejto správy je zmapovať a analyzovať právne predpisy a kolektívne vyjednávanie týkajúce sa telepráce v 27 členských štátoch a Nórsku. Poukazuje sa v nej na hlavné rozdiely a podobnosti...

1 september 2022
Publication
Research report
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Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Cieľom tejto správy je posúdiť počiatočný vplyv krízy spôsobenej pandémiou COVID-19 na zamestnanosť...

11 marec 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

Working time is a recurrent topic of study because the nature of work, its content, the conditions under which it is performed and the labour market itself keep changing. This report provides an overview of the recent evolution of working time duration and organisation in the EU and highlights the

18 September 2017

This annual review covers several issues related to working time in the EU and Norway in 2015 and 2016. It is based mainly on contributions from Eurofound’s Network of European Correspondents (NEC).

16 August 2017

The reconciliation of work and life responsibilities has become an increasingly relevant policy topic in recent decades. It has an implicit societal value linked to gender equality and quality of life.

19 July 2017
Publication
Customised report

Innovation is an important driver of improved competitiveness, productivity and growth potential. This report explores which workplace practices have the strongest links to innovative company behaviour, looking at innovation in the form of new or significantly changed products or processes, new or

22 June 2017

New information and communications technologies have revolutionised work and life in the 21st century. The constant connectivity enabled by these devices allows work to be performed at any time and from almost anywhere. This joint report by the ILO and Eurofound synthesises the findings of national

15 February 2017

Teachers across Europe have been protesting about their working conditions. Pay levels and pay inequalities, working time and workload, recruitment procedures and staffing at schools have been the main focus of social dialogue and collective action. Several of the reported cases are set in the

09 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the financial services sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the transport sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

Online resources results (559)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 apríl 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 marec 2021

Labour market regulation, effectiveness of legal rights and obligations, and safety and health at work 9 March 2021 Presentation by Barbara Gerstenberger, Head of unit - Working life, Eurofound

9 marec 2021

Connecting and disconnecting and work-life balance 9 March 2021 Presentation by Tina Weber, Research manager - Employment unit, Eurofound

9 marec 2021

Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 október 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 máj 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 február 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 november 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 november 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 november 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 marec 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 november 2015
Data results (20)

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