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Offentliga tjänster

Offentliga tjänster som hälso- och sjukvård, utbildning, social omsorg och transporter är centrala för att åstadkomma en hög nivå av social trygghet, social sammanhållning och socialt inkluderande. Men det är kvaliteten på och tillgången till tjänsterna som avgör hur framgångsrika de är i ett föränderligt socialt och demografiskt landskap.

Utmaningen för beslutsfattarna är att se till att utformningen och genomförandet av hälso- och sjukvård och andra samhällsfunktioner möter medborgarnas olika behov. Den utmaningen har förstärkts genom flera ekonomiska motgångar under de senaste åren och genom en ökad efterfrågan som drivs delvis av den åldrande befolkningen, men också i viss mån av tillflödet av flyktingar till Europa. Utöver frågorna om pris och kvalitet tillkommer nu också nya problem, bland annat risken att nya digitala kanaler för tillhandahållande av tjänster kan utestänga redan missgynnade samhällsgrupper och möjliga svårigheter att garantera en viss standard i fråga om tillgång till tjänster och tjänsternas kvalitet.

I kommissionens paket om sociala investeringar som antogs 2013 uppmanas medlemsstaterna att lägga mer tonvikt på offentliga tjänster av hög kvalitet. I kommissionens strategi för en digital inre marknad för Europa, som antogs 2015, läggs stor vikt vid modernisering av offentliga tjänster som ett sätt att stärka konkurrenskraften. Att utnyttja ny teknik, nätbaserade offentliga tjänster och gränsöverskridande driftskompatibilitet är nödvändigt för att kunna öka tjänsternas kostnadseffektivitet och kvalitet. I april 2017 lanserade kommissionen den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter, som bland sina huvudprinciper innefattar bland annat tillgång till utbildning av god kvalitet, rätt till förskola och barnomsorg, hälso- och sjukvård, subventionerade bostäder och andra väsentliga tjänster.

Topic

Recent updates

Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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Child with parent visiting doctor © pressmaster/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective and free access to quality healthcare for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

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EU context

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound granskar medborgarnas behov generellt, med särskilt fokus på ungdomar, äldre, personer med fysisk eller psykisk ohälsa, samt personer med invandrarbakgrund. Institutet bevakar och analyserar förändringar av de offentliga tjänsterna, som kan hänföras till budgetrestriktioner, ändringar av politiken, tekniska framsteg och digitalisering. Genom djupgående studier kan Eurofounds forskning om offentliga tjänster också granska tjänsteleverantörernas perspektiv och deras svar på ändrade behov hos användarna.

Viktiga bidrag

Analyser från Eurofounds undersökning av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) tar upp krisens effekter på det europeiska samhället och hur européerna upplever kvaliteten på sina samhällen och sina offentliga tjänster. Djupgående studier har gjorts kring ett antal centrala frågor, bland annat gällande den ekonomiska krisens och välfärdsreformernas effekter på levnadsstandard och samhällskvalitet.

Forskarna har med hjälp av uppgifter från EQLS i synnerhet studerat social ojämlikhet inom fyra viktiga områden av livet: hälsa, levnadsstandard, arbete och sysselsättning samt personligt liv, familjeliv och socialt liv. Familjer har också stått i fokus för analyser, då man bland annat tittat på hur livskvaliteten förändrats i hela EU för olika typer av barnfamiljer och gjort jämförelser av deras levnadsstandard och sociala situation. 

Andra forskningsområden har varit de sociala och ekonomiska kostnaderna och konsekvenserna av undermåliga bostäder, liksom ökningen av privata leverantörer av sjukhusvård runt om i Europa. Man har även diskuterat effekterna av det ökade inflödet av rörliga medborgare på EU-medlemsstaternas offentliga tjänster.

Åtgärder för att främja ungdomars sociala inkludering och erfarenheterna från genomförandet av ungdomsgarantin har också varit viktiga ämnen för Eurofound. Dessutom har tillgången till förskola och barnomsorg och kvaliteten på dessa tjänster fått en allt mer framträdande roll i EU:s politiska diskussioner och även blivit föremål för Eurofounds forskning.

Med hjälp av uppgifter från den fjärde EQLS som genomfördes 2016 kommer Eurofounds forskare att granska hur väl de offentliga tjänsterna uppfyller behoven hos olika sociala grupper, för att hjälpa beslutsfattarna att tillhandahålla adekvata och lämpliga sociala tjänster. Eurofound kommer att ta upp digitaliseringens effekter över sociala och geografiska gränser och granska hur utformningen av hälso- och sjukvårdstjänster och sociala tjänster kan få stöd av ny teknik.

Social inclusion: Protecting young people and children

Measures to support the social inclusion of young people and experience of the implementation of the reinforced Youth Guarantee have been important topics for Eurofound. In addition, access to early childhood education and care services and the quality of such services have been gaining greater prominence in the EU policy debate around the European Child Guarantee and have also been the focus of Eurofound research.

Focus on various public services

Other areas of interest for Eurofound include housing unaffordability and inadequacy, as well as household over-indebtedness and debt advisory services. Research has also explored access to energy, public transport and digital communications for people on low incomes. 

Future research will focus on mental health services and services facilitating independent living. Furthermore, the impact of the inflow of mobile citizens on the public services of EU Member States will be an important consideration.

Key outputs

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The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in...

21 september 2023
Publication
Policy brief

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Examining services for labour market integration of people with disabilities based on data from the EQLS 2016 to support policymaking in designing relevant and efficient services
    • Mapping developments in advisory for household debt in EU countries as well as identifying barriers to access these services to combat poverty and assessing take-up
    • Analysing differences and inequalities in access to social services of general interest in the EU and assessing the nature and extent of convergence/divergence

     

    Eurofound expert(s)

    hans-dubois-2023.png

    Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

    Senior research manager,
    Social policies research unit
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    Daniel Molinuevo is a research manager in the Social Policies unit, having joined Eurofound in 2010. His research on health and social care has focused on the quality and...

    Research manager,
    Social policies research unit
    Publications results (103)

    The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

    18 October 2023

    The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

    21 September 2023

    I denna rapport behandlas covid-19-krisens inverkan på de sociala tjänsterna i EU. Pandemin hade en negativ inverkan på de sociala tjänsterna, men tack vare den drog vi samtidigt lärdomar av hur vi kan anpassa de sociala tjänsterna för att hantera nya utmaningar och sociala risker. En lärdom är att

    16 August 2023

    In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

    07 September 2022

    A new European Disability Strategy was launched in 2021 with the aim of intensifying progress on ensuring the full participation of people with disabilities in society. The increase of EU policy focus on people with disabilities is timely: the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the challenges they faced in

    21 March 2022

    Denna rapport behandlar covid-19-pandemins påverkan på livskvaliteten hos de äldre, bland annat vilken inverkan den haft på deras välbefinnande, ekonomi, sysselsättning och sociala delaktighet. I rapporten undersöks effekterna på utnyttjandet av vård- och omsorgstjänster och äldres beroende av annat

    28 January 2022

    The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and

    30 September 2021

    I denna rapport undersöks utvecklingen av medlemsstaternas politik för att inkludera personer med funktionsnedsättning på den öppna arbetsmarknaden. Särskilt fokus ligger på tre stadier, dvs. möjligheterna att ta sig in på, stanna kvar på och återvända till arbetsmarknaden efter en tids frånvaro. I

    19 April 2021

    The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the accessibility of health, education and care services for all Europeans. This is also the case for children, who in several countries have seen their schools closed and replaced with remote learning. They have been affected, too, by the pandemic

    28 January 2021

    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

    14 December 2020

    Online resources results (53)

    Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

    The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional

    Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

    Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

    Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

    Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

    Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

    Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

    Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

    Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

    Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

    France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

    In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.


    Blogs results (7)

    Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

    24 oktober 2023
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    The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

    5 maj 2022
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    Healthcare providers have been overwhelmed by the demand for COVID-19-related care. Medical appointments and treatments for other conditions have often been delayed, potentially leading to escalating health problems and greater future care needs among those who have missed out. If the pandemic leads

    18 januari 2021
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    An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

    2 december 2020
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    Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

    8 maj 2019
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    Austerity measures introduced during the crisis have disproportionately concerned cuts in the measures that are most vital for reducing child poverty: cash and tax benefits, a new Eurofound report shows. Furthermore, there has been a move away from universal coverage towards more targeted support

    3 februari 2016
    Upcoming publications results (1)

    Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

    September 2024
    Data results (2)
    7 november 2023
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    24 oktober 2023
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