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Заплащане и доходи

Плащанията и доходите са от основно значение за трудовите взаимоотношения и качеството на живот. Поради кризисни процеси в икономиката и в обществото като цяло този въпрос бе предмет на още по-голямо внимание на равнище ЕС.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 January 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Европейският стълб на социалните права определя ангажиментите на ЕС относно заплатите: правото на работниците на справедливо заплащане, което осигурява достоен стандарт на живот; гарантиране на достатъчна минимална работна заплата; предотвратяване на бедността сред работещите.

Дейност на Eurofound

Eurofound редовно докладва за различните аспекти на заплащането и доходите от гледна точка на променящите се икономически условия в цяла Европа.

Контрол върху заплащането

Чрез своята Европейска обсерватория на професионалния живот (EurWORK), Eurofound обединява набор от информация относно заплащането. Редовният характер на отчитането генерира по-дълга поредица от наблюдения върху колективно договорените възнаграждения, така че тенденциите да подлежат контрол. Eurofound публикува редовно актуална информация относно задължителния минимум на възнагражденията и колективно договореното заплащане. Освен това Eurofound наблюдава тенденциите на национално ниво във връзка с механизмите за определяне на възнагражденията, равното заплащане, променливото заплащане, ниското заплащане и разликата в заплащането при жените и мъжете.

Профилите на отделните държави в областта на професионалния живот съдържат информация относно заплащането на национално равнище и редовно се актуализират. Освен това EurWORK поддържа две бази данни относно заплащането (вж. ресурсите по-долу).

Европейският наблюдател на работните места на Eurofound (EJM) извършва оценка на измененията в заетостта по вид работа според различни качествени мерки, включително заплащането. По-специално той допринася за познанията ни относно явлението поляризация на заетостта — т.е. степента, в която растежът на заетостта вероятно ще бъде по-голям в началото и в края на разпределението на заплатите, отколкото в средата.

Данни от проучването

Проучванията на Eurofound наблюдават и условията на заплащане в ЕС. Заплащането заема централно място в изследванията на Eurofound при извършване на оценка на качеството на труд. В европейското проучване за условията на труд (EWCS) доходите са един от седемте показателя за качество на работата. EWCS отчита и разликата в заплащането при жените и мъжете. За повече информация вж. Интерактивен инструмент за визуализация на EWCS.

Европейското проучване за качеството на живот (EQLS) следи въздействието на доходите върху жизнения стандарт и връзката между неравенството в доходите със социалното сближаване и благополучие. Проучването анализира как кризата е засегнала семействата, като акцентира върху тези с ниски доходи, задлъжнялостта на домакинствата и групите, изложени на риск от бедност. Освен това EQLS събира информация за доходите при пенсиониране и възможностите за удължаване на професионалния живот. За повече информация вж. Интерактивен инструмент за визуализация на EQLS.

Проучването на европейските дружества (ECS) обхваща използването на променливи схеми за заплащане в предприятията, както и покритието на служителите в тези предприятия посредством колективни трудови договори. Проучването позволява информацията за променливото заплащане и договаряне на заплатите да се свърже с информацията за организацията на труда, управлението на човешките ресурси, прякото участие на работещите и социалния диалог, както и с ефективността и благосъстоянието на работното място.

Key outputs

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Годишният преглед на минималните заплати за 2023 г. е изготвен в контекста на безпрецедентната инфлация в цяла Европа. Макар че тази инфлация води до значителни увеличения на номиналните ставки на...

29 June 2023
Publication
Research report
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Пандемията от COVID-19 оказа различно въздействие върху социалните групи в зависимост от съществуващите недостатъци, а убеждението, че тя е довела до увеличаване на неравенствата в различните области на живота, беше...

24 January 2023
Publication
Research report
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В настоящия доклад се разглежда разпределението на богатството на домакинствата в държавите — членки на ЕС и се анализира ролята на богатството за социалната мобилност. С информацията, получена от три набора от...

30 March 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, there is a generally applicable statutory minimum wage and the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels and how this is determined across the EU in January 2016.

29 January 2016

Temporary employment has increased since the 1980s in most European countries as a result of demands for greater flexibility in labour markets and subsequent reforms of employment protection legislation. This report presents a broad picture of temporary employment across the EU27 between 2001 and

15 December 2015

Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008

04 November 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway

04 November 2015

Occupation is a critical factor in determining the type of working conditions a person will experience during their professional life. This report explores the working conditions of workers – particularly medium-to-low skilled and unskilled – in occupations that are found to have low levels of job

29 October 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of public sector pay and collective bargaining in the EU during the third quarter of 2015. Its main focus is a growing trend of restored pay levels in public sector agreements. It also deals with the broadening scope

27 October 2015

National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources

11 September 2015

This report describes the developments in collectively agreed pay in the EU Member States in 2014 and compares them to developments in previous years. While growth in collectively agreed pay in nominal terms declined, the declining growth of prices resulted in real collectively agreed pay increasing

05 August 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

This report gives an overview of recent developments in the distribution of wages in Europe from 2004 to 2011 – the period before and after the onset of the Great Recession. While the main focus is on the EU dimension, the report analyses relevant trends and developments within countries in a

11 May 2015

Online resources results (888)
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Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on wages and wage setting

The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on wages and wage setting across Europe in 2020. The uncertain economic scenario, together with the difficulties inherent in online bargaining, led to a general postponement of collective agreements to 2021, especially at company level. Real wages

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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 March 2021
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Member States are dawdling on gender pay transparency

The gender pay gap in gross hourly earnings in the EU was 14.8% in 2018. To help combat discriminatory pay practices by employers, the European Commission recommended in 2014 the introduction of pay transparency measures in all Member States. But more than half still have not implemented any such

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EU seeks views on the minimum wage

Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

United Kingdom: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The social partners’ joint statement on the risk of a no-deal Brexit risk, launch of the first labour market enforcement strategy and a record low for workers’ strikes are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 May 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 January 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 August 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 June 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 October 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 April 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 February 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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