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Abstract

I de senere år har der været et generelt fald i antallet af faglige aktioner i EU's medlemsstater, dog afbrudt af stigninger i visse år. Under covid-19-pandemien er denne tendens fortsat, og de vigtigste arbejdskonflikter optræder ikke overraskende i sektoren for sundhed og sociale ydelser, uddannelsessektoren og transport- og logistiksektoren. Rapporten analyserer de data, som Eurofound indsamlede i 2018-2019 i forbindelse med pilotprojektet vedrørende databasen Industrial Action Monitor (IAM). Ved brug af klyngeanalyser klassificerede forskningen faglige aktioner i Europa i fem kategorier: nationale tvister om interesser og rettigheder, der undertiden involverer forskellige beskæftigelsesformer; udvidede tvister om kollektive lønoverenskomster: lokale tvister om beskæftigelsesproblemer, arbejdstid og omstrukturering, med deraf følgende kortvarige arbejdsstandsninger; lokale tvister om arbejdstagerrettigheder og klager over virksomhedspolitikker; samt tvister vedrørende offentlige politikker. 

Specifikt tegnede lønforhold sig for over 40 % af tvisterne, beskæftigelsesforhold tegnede sig for 20 %, andre aspekter af arbejdsvilkår udgjorde 16 %, og protester tegnede sig for 13 %. Med manglen på fuldstændige data om faglige aktioner i Europa in mente peger analysen på behovet for systematisk indsamling af empiriske beviser fremadrettet som grundlag for en sammenlignende analyse.

Collective labour disputes in the EU

English (855.96 KB - PDF)

Key findings

Kollektive forhandlinger har vist sig at danne baggrund for over en tredjedel af alle tvister i EU. Stridigheder om virksomhedspolitikker udgør endnu en fjerdedel, og klager om offentlig politik tegner sig for yderligere 18 %.

Lønforhold tegnede sig for over 40 % af tvisterne, beskæftigelsesforhold for 20 %, andre aspekter af arbejdsvilkår for 16 %, og protester for 13 %. Over 80 % af tvisterne vedrørte interesser.

De eksisterende data om faglige aktioner i Europa er ufuldstændige. Systematisk indsamling skal danne grundlag for en komparativ analyse baseret på klare definitioner, der er aftalt på internationalt plan, således at den kan sammenholdes med andre data for at gøre det muligt at beregne de økonomiske omkostninger ved tvister for både arbejdsgivere og arbejdstagere.

Tvister i EU falder ind under fem hovedklynger, der anvendes i typologien: nationale tvister om interesser og rettigheder; udvidede tvister om interesser vedrørende kollektive (løn)aftaler; lokaliserede tvister om interesser vedrørende beskæftigelsesproblemer, arbejdstid og omlægninger med korte arbejdsnedlæggelser; lokaliserede tvister om arbejdstageres rettigheder og klager over virksomhedspolitikker; uoverensstemmelser vedrørende offentlige politikker.

Fordelingen af disse typer fulgte ikke nogen af de mønstre, man kunne forvente baseret på fem af de eksisterende typologier i faglitteraturen: typologier baseret på nationale forskelle i variationer af kapitalisme, organiseringsgrad, strejkeaktiviteters intensitet, typer industrielt demokrati og kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger.

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures

List of tables

Table 1: Information captured for each record type
Table 2: Types of events recorded
Table 3: Continuous variables in the clusters: mean values   
Table 4: Categorical variables: distribution of indicator categories within clusters (percentages in columns)
Table 5: Categorical variables: distribution of indicator categories between clusters (percentages in rows)


Table A1: Overview of parameters covered and gaps in national statistics on industrial action and collective labour disputes
Table A2: Number of realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database, EU27 and UK
Table A3: Number of strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available, EU27 and UK
Table A4: Number of workers involved in realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A5: Number of workers involved in strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available (thousands)
Table A6: Number of days not worked as a result of realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A7: Number of days not worked as a result of strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A8: Correlations of transformed variables from the second categorical principal components analysis model
Table A9: Amount of indicator variance accounted for in the four-dimensional solution from the second categorical principal components analysis model
Table A10: Cluster breakdown by country: distribution of disputes across clusters, EU27 and UK
Table A11: Cluster breakdown by country: distribution of disputes within clusters, EU27 and UK
Table A12: Cluster breakdown by sector: distribution of disputes across clusters
Table A13: Cluster breakdown by sector: distribution of disputes within clusters
Table A14: A representation of five typologies across countries showing (the lack of) relationships, EU27 and UK

List of figures

Figure 1: Eurofound’s concept of a labour dispute
Figure 2: Context of disputes in the IAM database
Figure 3: Main issue of disputes in the IAM database
Figure 4: Matters of rights or interest for disputes in the IAM database
Figure 5: Context of disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 6: Main issue of disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 7: Matters of rights or interest for disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 8: Context in which the labour disputes emerged, by sector (number)
Figure 9: Context in which the labour disputes emerged, by country (%), EU27 and UK
Figure 10: Detailed breakdown of main dispute issues (number)
Figure 11: Labour disputes in non-standard forms of employment, by sector (number)
Figure 12: Correspondence plot for clusters and countries, EU27 and UK
Figure 13: Correspondence plot for clusters and sectors
Figure 14: Dispute resolution by cluster (%)
Figure 15: Dispute resolution involving a collective agreement by cluster (%)
Figure 16: Typology of labour disputes by cluster and varieties of capitalism


Figure A1: Dendrogram from the application of Ward’s method of clustering
Figure A2: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the union density typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A3: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the intensity of strike activity typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A4: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the industrial democracy typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A5: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the collective bargaining typology, EU27 and UK

Number of pages
72
Reference nº
EF21026
ISBN
978-92-897-2241-4
Catalogue nº
TJ-05-21-371-EN-N
DOI
10.2806/060345
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