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Løn og indkomst

Løn og indkomst er af central betydning for beskæftigelsesrelationer og livskvalitet. Spørgsmålet har fået endnu større opmærksomhed på EU-niveau på grund af de udviklinger, som krisen har betydet for økonomien og samfundet som helhed.

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Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

I den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder opstilles EU's forpligtelser vedrørende lønninger: arbejdstageres ret til en rimelig løn, der giver mulighed for en ordentlig levestandard, sikring af tilstrækkelige mindstelønninger og forebyggelse af fattigdom blandt personer i arbejde.

Eurofounds arbejde

Eurofound aflægger regelmæssigt rapport om forskellige aspekter af løn og indkomst i lyset af de ændrede økonomiske omstændigheder rundt om i Europa.

Overvågning af lønninger

Gennem sit Europæiske Observatorium for Arbejdslivet (EurWORK) samler Eurofound en række forskellige oplysninger om løn. De regelmæssige rapporter skaber en længere række af iagttagelser af kollektivt aftalt løn, så det bliver muligt at overvåge tendenser. Eurofound offentliggør regelmæssige relevante ajourføringer om lovbestemt mindsteløn og kollektivt aftalt løn. Eurofound overvåger ligeledes udviklingen på nationalt plan vedrørende lønfastsættelsesmekanismer, ligeløn, variabel løn, lav løn og kønsbestemte lønforskelle.

Landeprofiler om arbejdslivet indeholder oplysninger om løn på nationalt plan og ajourføres regelmæssigt. EurWORK har to databaser om løn (se ressourcer nedenfor).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) vurderer ændringer i beskæftigelsen fordelt på erhverv i henhold til forskellige kvalitative foranstaltninger, inklusive løn. Den bidrager navnlig til vores viden om fænomenet beskæftigelsespolarisering – det vil sige i hvilken udstrækning væksten i beskæftigelsen vil være større i toppen og bunden af lønfordelingen end i midten.

Undersøgelsesdata

Eurofounds undersøgelser vedrører også lønforhold i EU. Løn er et centralt aspekt for Eurofounds forskning med henblik på vurdering af arbejdets kvalitet. I den europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) er indtjening en af de syv indikatorer for jobkvalitet. EWCS rapporterer også om kønsbestemte lønforskelle. Se EWCS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske livskvalitetsundersøgelse (EQLS) bruges til at overvåge indkomstens betydning for levestandarder, og hvordan indkomstulighed hænger sammen med social samhørighed og velvære. Den analyserer, hvordan krisen har påvirket familier, og kigger på lavindkomstfamilier, husholdningernes gældsætning og de grupper, der risikerer at havne i fattigdom. EQLS samler også oplysninger om indkomst i pensionsalderen og mulighederne for at forlænge arbejdslivet. Se EQLS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske virksomhedsundersøgelse (ECS) ser nærmere på brugen af variable aflønningsordninger i virksomheder og organisationer, samt i hvilken udstrækning disse virksomheders og organisationers medarbejdere er omfattet af kollektive lønaftaler. Undersøgelsen gør det muligt at kæde oplysninger om variabel løn og lønforhandlinger sammen med oplysninger om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, forvaltning af menneskelige ressourcer, direkte medarbejderdeltagelse og social dialog samt resultater og velvære på arbejdspladsen.

Key outputs

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Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs...

24 januar 2023
Publication
Research report
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Denne rapport undersøger fordelingen af husstandenes velstand i EU’s medlemsstater og analyserer den rolle, som velstand spiller for den sociale mobilitet. Ved hjælp af data fra tre datasæt (undersøgelsen af...

30 marts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle lønninger i mange lande, var det i mange tilfælde ikke nok til at fastholde arbejdstagernes købekraft. På grundlag af

29 June 2023

For dyre boliger giver anledning til stor bekymring i EU. Det fører til hjemløshed, usikre boligforhold, økonomisk belastning og utilstrækkelige boliger. Det forhindrer også unge mennesker i at flytte hjemmefra. Disse problemer påvirker folks sundhed og velbefindende, er udtryk for ulige levevilkår

30 May 2023

Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs af forskellige områder af tilværelsen. Ved hjælp af indikatorer fra EU's

24 January 2023

Denne rapport gennemføres inden for rammerne af det treårige pilotprojekt (2021-2023), "Mindstelønnens rolle i forbindelse med indførelse af en universel arbejdsgaranti", som Europa-Kommissionen har uddelegeret til Eurofound. Der fokuseres på projektets modul 3, som undersøger mindstelønninger og

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Efter en behersket runde med fastsættelse af mindstelønninger for 2021 steg de nominelle satser betydeligt i 2022, efterhånden som de negative konsekvenser af pandemien aftog, og økonomierne og arbejdsmarkederne rettede sig. I den forbindelse hævede 20 af de 21 EU-medlemsstater med lovbestemte

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

The state budget for 2018, tax reforms, the ending of strike action by healthcare workers, and continued wage growth are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the fourth quarter of 2017.

UK: Public sector pay cap lifted for police and prison officers

In September 2017, the UK government announced its lifting of the 1% public sector pay cap for police and prison officers, and for some staff of the National Health Service. It also signalled that the pay cap would be lifted for all public sector workers from 2018, but the opposition Labour Party

Article

Finland: Experiences of pay auditing measures

Studies in 2010 and 2012 of measures brought in by Finland to ensure pay transparency have shown that employers were initially reluctant to close the gender pay gap. The results highlighted the need for improvement in the implementation of pay auditing measures, which led to amendments in the law.

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Wage competition in the retail sector, tough negotiations for the long-awaited wage increases for state companies, and a pay increase without change in salary for healthcare workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

The ongoing sectoral collective bargaining round, the government’s controversial active labour market policy, and proposed regulations on zero-hour contracts are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Finland in the

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Wage increases for public sector employees, industrial conflicts at steelmaker ILVA and Amazon, legislative measures on self-employed workers’ earnings and business incentives for private companies are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Croatia: Push to revise the complex pay system in healthcare sector

There is a significant gap between the pay of Croatian healthcare workers and those in the rest of the EU. In the last four years more than 500 physicians have left Croatia to work abroad. The sector is heavily in debt, rules for calculating salaries are complex, and the collective agreement is not

Article

Cyprus: Social partners agree to reactivate cost of living allowance

On 28 July 2017, agreement was reached on a proposal by the Minister of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance for the reactivation of the cost of living allowance – a wage indexing system linked to the consumer price index, which has been frozen since 2012 in response to the economic crisis.

Article

Austria: Social partners agree on €1,500 monthly minimum wage for all sectors

The social partners have agreed on a monthly gross minimum wage of €1,500 for all sectors, to be implemented nationally by 2020. The federal government asked them to negotiate on this in early 2017, warning them that it would legislate for a minimum wage if the social partners could not find a


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 november 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januar 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 juli 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 april 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februar 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 februar 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 november 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 juni 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 marts 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.