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Salario e ingresos

El salario y los ingresos son fundamentales para las relaciones laborales y la calidad de vida. Esta cuestión ha recibido todavía más atención a nivel de la Unión Europea debido a los acontecimientos provocados por la crisis sobre la economía y la sociedad en su conjunto.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Enero 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

El pilar europeo de derechos sociales establece los compromisos de la Unión Europea en materia de salarios: el derecho de los trabajadores a salarios justos que proporcionen un nivel de vida digno, la garantía de un salario mínimo adecuado y la necesidad de evitar la pobreza de los ocupados.

La labor de Eurofound

Eurofound informa periódicamente sobre diversos aspectos de los salarios y los ingresos, a la luz de las cambiantes circunstancias económicas en Europa.

Supervisión de los salarios

A través de su Observatorio Europeo de la Vida Laboral (EurWORK), Eurofound reúne una serie de datos sobre salarios. La naturaleza periódica de la elaboración de informes da lugar a una serie mayor de observaciones sobre salarios convenidos, de modo que se pueda realizar un seguimiento de las tendencias. Eurofound publica periódicamente actualizaciones por tema sobre salarios mínimos legales y salarios convenidos colectivamente. También supervisa los avances a nivel nacional en relación con los mecanismos de fijación de salarios, la igualdad salarial, los salarios variables, los salarios bajos y la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres.

Los perfiles nacionales de la vida laboral contienen información sobre los salarios a nivel nacional, y son actualizados de forma periódica. EurWORK mantiene dos bases de datos sobre salarios (véanse los recursos más abajo).

El Observatorio Europeo del Empleo de Eurofound (EJM) evalúa los cambios en el empleo por puesto de trabajo, en función de diversas medidas cualitativas, entre las que se incluyen los salarios. En particular, el EJM contribuye a que se conozca el fenómeno de la polarización del empleo, es decir, hasta qué punto es probable que el crecimiento del empleo sea mayor en los tramos más alto y más bajo de la distribución salarial que en el tramo intermedio.

Datos de encuestas

Las encuestas de Eurofound también supervisan las condiciones salariales en la Unión. Los salarios son un elemento central de las investigaciones de Eurofound para valorar la calidad del empleo. En la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS), los salarios son uno de los siete indicadores de la calidad del empleo. El EWCS también elabora informes sobre la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EWCS.

La Encuesta europea sobre la calidad de vida (EQLS) supervisa el impacto de los ingresos sobre las condiciones de vida, y cómo la desigualdad de los ingresos está relacionada con la cohesión social y el bienestar. Examina también cómo ha afectado la crisis a las familias, analizando familias de bajos ingresos, la deuda contraída para atender a las necesidades familiares y los grupos en riesgo de pobreza. La EQLS reúne también información sobre ingresos en la jubilación y opciones para ampliar la vida laboral. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EQLS.

La Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS) refleja el uso de sistemas de salario variable en establecimientos, así como la cobertura de los empleados de esos establecimientos a través de convenios salariales colectivos. La encuesta permite vincular la información sobre salarios variables y negociación salarial con información sobre organización del trabajo, gestión de recursos humanos, participación directa de los empleados y diálogo social, así como rendimiento y bienestar en el lugar de trabajo.

Key outputs

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La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de...

29 Junio 2023
Publication
Research report
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El presente informe analiza la distribución de la riqueza de los hogares en los Estados miembros de la UE y analiza el papel de la riqueza en la movilidad social...

30 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.El presente informe tiene por objeto evaluar el impacto inicial de la crisis de la COVID-19 en el empleo en Europa (hasta el segundo trimestre de 2020), en particular, sus efectos en

11 March 2021

Cerrar las brechas de género en el mercado laboral logrando la participación igualitaria de las mujeres es uno de los objetivos clave de la nueva Estrategia de Igualdad de Género 2020-2025. A pesar de los considerables avances en la reducción de la brecha de género en el empleo, estas se han

09 December 2020

La UE se esfuerza por lograr una convergencia al alza de los Estados miembros, de manera que los resultados de los países mejoren y las diferencias entre ellos disminuyan. Casi una década después de la Gran Recesión, la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha vuelto a poner este objetivo en jaque. El presente

08 December 2020

The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the conc

30 September 2020

This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s

28 September 2020

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

En el espacio de pocas semanas, la pandemia de COVID-19 provocada por el nuevo coronavirus ha transformado radicalmente la vida de las personas en todo el mundo. Al margen de las consecuencias devastadoras para la salud de las personas directamente afectadas por el virus, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha

06 May 2020

This report addresses the problem of household over-indebtedness, which is broadly defined as being unable to make payments related to regular commitments.

12 March 2020

This report maps developments in the size of the middle class in the EU between 2004 and 2015 using Eurostat’s SILC survey, and analyses life satisfaction by income quartile (using Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Surveys). Before the crisis, the middle classes had expanded in around two-thirds

30 October 2019

In most EU Member States, reviews of the statutory minimum wage rates spark a great deal of public interest. Such reviews affect the wider workforce, beyond those workers on the statutory minimum wage. Pay rates in collective agreements may be adapted in response to an increase in the minimum wage

04 June 2019

Online resources results (888)

Norway: Quick settlement in the 2017 bargaining round

In March 2017, the peak-level confederations achieved a quick resolution in their negotiations on this year’s wage increases for major parts of the Norwegian private sector. The agreement set a mark for other sectors in line with this trendsetting bargaining model. This year’s negotiations proved

Denmark: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

New collective agreements providing small wage increases and improvements to education and training, taxi firm Uber’s exit from Denmark; and strengthened working environment rules are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life

Luxembourg: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Reform of the guaranteed minimum income, new collective bargaining in the banking sector and a major dispute in the health and social care sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Luxembourg in the first quarter

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The effects of the decision by the Confederation of Finnish Industries EK to terminate most peak-level agreements with trade unions and a setback for employment policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Romania: New law aims to tackle wage inequities in labour market

The Romanian government has proposed a new unitary pay law aimed at addressing the increasing wage imbalances across sectors. This article looks at the social partners’ views and the relevant regulations.

Norway: Low-paid workers fall behind

Most workers in Norway have had a substantial increase in their real wages in the past 15 years. However, a new report shows that low-paid workers – mostly found in the private service sector – have not had any rise in real wages in the last seven years and that wage inequality is growing.

Ireland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The establishment of a Labour Employer Economic Forum, pay disputes involving the police and teachers, and the resolution of pay disputes by Dublin bus and tram drivers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland

Belgium: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The definition of hazardous jobs, measures to promote youth employment, a series of collective redundancies and proposals to alter wage formation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Belgium in the third quarter of

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The drafting of the State budget (including discussions on the minimum wage), civil service reforms, an agreement on the State revenue system and debates on social insurance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mayo 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Enero 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Agosto 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Junio 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octubre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Junio 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Junio 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Abril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febrero 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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