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Tiempo de trabajo

El tiempo de trabajo es todo período durante el cual un trabajador está trabajando, a disposición del empresario, y está realizando sus actividades o tareas, de conformidad con la legislación o la práctica nacional. El tiempo de trabajo varía entre trabajadores, en función de las diferentes ocupaciones o etapas de la vida, y el género reviste una especial importancia a la hora de determinar estas diferencias.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

El tiempo de trabajo es un elemento clave de la vida laboral y su regulación ha ocupado el centro de atención de los debates políticos, económicos y sociales a escala nacional y de la UE. A fin de proteger la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores, la Directiva sobre ordenación del tiempo de trabajo de la Unión exige a todos los Estados miembros que garanticen unas normas mínimas sobre tiempo de trabajo para todos los trabajadores en toda la Unión Europea. Entre estas se incluyen normas sobre el máximo de horas semanales trabajadas (fijado en 48 horas), los períodos mínimos de descanso y pausa, las vacaciones anuales, el trabajo nocturno y por turnos.

La labor de Eurofound

Desde hace ya muchos años, Eurofound viene recopilando información sobre diversos aspectos del tiempo de trabajo y sus implicaciones para las condiciones de trabajo y la calidad de vida de hombres y mujeres en la UE. Los estudios de Eurofound sobre el tiempo de trabajo tienen como objetivo mejorar la comprensión acerca de su organización, y cómo esta afecta al empleo, la productividad, el bienestar y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral. Los datos sobre tiempo de trabajo conforme al convenio colectivo y el papel de los interlocutores sociales han sido publicados periódicamente, y han sido analizados recientemente desde una perspectiva a largo plazo. Las investigaciones sobre el tiempo de trabajo de los hombres frente al de las mujeres muestra que los hombres son mucho más propensos a trabajar durante más horas, y que las mujeres tienen una mayor probabilidad de invertir más tiempo realizando labores domésticas no remuneradas.

Regulación y organización del tiempo de trabajo

La regulación del tiempo de trabajo desempeña un papel a la hora de aumentar el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral , así como la participación en el mercado laboral . En un clima económico que cambia a gran velocidad, las empresas y los trabajadores necesitan flexibilidad. Eurofound ha examinado la relación entre el tiempo de trabajo y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral, desde una perspectiva que considere la trayectoria vital.

Las investigaciones han analizado los diversos aspectos de la organización del tiempo de trabajo y las consecuencias para la productividad y las condiciones de trabajo . Dado que la organización del tiempo de trabajo está cambiando, Eurofound, junto con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, examinó recientemente los efectos del teletrabajo y el trabajo mediante TIC o tecnologías móviles sobre el tiempo de trabajo de las personas que emplean estos regímenes de trabajo.

Adoptando un enfoque del tiempo de trabajo a largo plazo, un estudio reciente ha examinado la evolución de elementos del tiempo de trabajo conforme al convenio colectivo en la Unión a comienzos del siglo XXI. El estudio se centra en cinco sectores en particular: la química, la metalurgia, la banca, el sector minorista y la administración pública. En el informe se describen los regímenes institucionales de regulación y se evalúan los cambios, tanto de las horas de trabajo convenidas como de las habituales, entre 1999 y 2014.

El tiempo de trabajo en análisis de encuestas

Las tres principales encuestas de Eurofound arrojan datos sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el tiempo de trabajo.

La Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS) abarca el tiempo de trabajo desde diversos ángulos. En la sexta EWCS, de 2015, la calidad del tiempo de trabajo fue uno de los siete índices de calidad del empleo. Se empleó para medir la incidencia de largas jornadas de trabajo, el margen para realizar pausas, las jornadas de trabajo atípicas, las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo y la flexibilidad, y cómo estos aspectos repercuten sobre la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que un 43 % de los trabajadores tiene horarios laborales muy regulares.

Empleando datos de la sexta EWCS, Eurofound ha analizado recientemente los modelos de tiempo de trabajo para lograr un trabajo sostenible. El análisis examina los vínculos entre los modelos de tiempo de trabajo, el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral y las preferencias del tiempo de trabajo, así como la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores. Además, evalúa la sostenibilidad de las condiciones laborales y los modelos de tiempo de trabajo actuales de cara al futuro.

La Encuesta europea sobre calidad de vida (EQLS) examina las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo, tanto remunerado como no remunerado, y su repercusión sobre la satisfacción con el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral.

Las organizaciones del tiempo de trabajo pueden tener un impacto considerable sobre la eficiencia, la productividad y la competitividad de las empresas, además de sobre la salud, el bienestar y la motivación de los empleados. Mediante la Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS), Eurofound también ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo sobre el tiempo de trabajo y el equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral. Ha analizado la prevalencia de las organizaciones flexibles del tiempo de trabajo y las cuentas de tiempo de trabajo, el trabajo a tiempo parcial, las horas de trabajo extraordinarias y atípicas, los permisos parentales y otros permisos de larga duración, la jubilación gradual y anticipada, y las políticas específicas de apoyo al equilibrio entre la vida privada y la vida laboral en las empresas.

Destacado: actualización temática de EurWORK sobre el trabajo dominical en Europa

23 de septiembre de 2016 - Los Estados miembros de la Unión han aprobado leyes para regular las horas de apertura de las tiendas y los negocios los domingos. No obstante, también hay en algunos Estados miembros nuevas leyes que restringen las horas de apertura. De conformidad con la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo, la proporción de trabajadores que declaran trabajar los domingos aumentó entre 2010 y 2015, lo cual contribuye a la idea de que el comercio dominical es cada vez más común.
¿Qué está sucediendo con el trabajo dominical en Europa?

Recursos

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Octubre 2023
Publication
Research report
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Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.El presente informe tiene por objeto evaluar el impacto inicial de la crisis...

11 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

The European Working Time Directive lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time in the EU by, for example, establishing that all workers have the right to a limit to weekly working time of 48 hours.

12 June 2015

An increasing number of European workers have part-time jobs or non-standard types of work, such as the zero-hours employment contracts that have become common in the UK. Yet most European workers with temporary contracts would like permanent jobs, and one third of people working part time would

14 April 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on EU level developments in industrial relations and working conditions during the last quarter of 2014. The European Commission's priorities for 2015, the economic outlook for Europe, and issues around working time are the

07 April 2015

The third wave of Eurofound’s European Company Survey was carried out in 2013. It surveyed management representatives in over 24,000 establishments; where available, employee representatives were also interviewed – in 6,800 of these establishments.

27 March 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on individual employment relations in the EU during the third and fourth quarters of 2014. Employment protection legislation and the termination of employment are the main focus of this report.

06 March 2015

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the computer programming, consultancy and related activities sector (NACE 62). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working

27 February 2015

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the legal and accounting services sector (NACE 69). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work

27 February 2015

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the real estate sector (NACE 68).1 It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work across 34

27 February 2015

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector (NACE 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 and 75). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on

27 February 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of working time in the EU during the first quarter of 2014. Work–life balance and weekend working are the main focus of this report.

18 February 2015

Online resources results (559)

Germany: Failure of proposal to allow part-time workers claim full-time position

A proposal to bring in a law allowing part-time workers in Germany to claim a full-time job has failed. The ruling coalition of the Social and Christian Democrats could not agree on the extent of the initiative. The proposal was put forward by Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs Andrea

Greece: Social partners' reactions to legislative reforms in the labour market

The second evaluation of Greece’s current financial support programme (Third Memorandum) was completed in May 2017 with the introduction of new legislation affecting pensions, taxes, collective redundancies, collective bargaining and collective agreements, strike action and Sunday opening. Unions

Hungary: Debate on extension of working time reference period

In order to help combat Hungary’s labour shortage and to balance the working time of employees in companies where periods of productivity can often fluctuate, changes to the Labour Code by the Parliamentary Committee on Economics have been recently introduced, allowing employers to ‘bank’ working

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Economic stability, campaigning ahead of September’s elections, new policies on pay and working hours, a decline in union membership, changes to the collective bargaining landscape and a reduction in strike action are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Amendments to the Working Environment Act on working time and whistle-blowing; the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) congress; and the start of parliamentary election campaigning are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Belgium: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A proposal requiring rail employees and trade unions to register upcoming strikes; new sectoral collective agreements; and a simplification of the overtime system in the hospitality sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Spain: High Court ruling abolishes recording of daily working time

The High Court has ruled that companies no longer need to keep a record of their employees’ daily working time, although they must still record overtime worked. This ruling, confirming an earlier initial ruling, has led to controversy between the social partners and forced the Labour Inspectorate to

Germany: Working time back on the social partners' agenda

Working time is set to be a high priority during the next collective bargaining round, according to the German Metalworkers’ Union (IG Metall), whose recent survey looked at working time satisfaction. Another survey, by the Federation of German Employers’ Associations in the Metal and Electrical

Czech Republic: Attitudes to shorter working hours and flexible working

There is a growing debate in the Czech Republic over moves to shorten working hours and introduce flexible forms of work to improve people’s work–life balance. This has been sparked by research showing that even though employees, especially men, tend to work long hours, labour productivity and


Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Octubre 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 Mayo 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febrero 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Noviembre 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Noviembre 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 Noviembre 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Septiembre 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Marzo 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 Noviembre 2015
Data results (20)

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