NEETanna
Is acrainm é NEET le 'gan fostaíocht, oideachas ná oiliúint', a úsáidtear chun tagairt a dhéanamh do staid go leor daoine óga, idir 15 agus 29 bliain d'aois, san Eoraip. Is é aidhm choincheap NEET tuiscint ar stádas leochaileach daoine óga a leathnú agus monatóireacht níos fearr a dhéanamh ar a rochtain fhadhbanna ar mhargadh an tsaothair.
Soláthraíonn Eurofound léargas ar an ábhar seo trí threochtaí NEET a rianú ar fud an AE, anailís a dhéanamh ar dhifríochtaí inscne, agus faireachán a dhéanamh ar éifeachtaí géarchéimeanna cosúil leis an gCúlú Mór agus paindéim COVID-19. Tacaíonn a thorthaí le beartais amhail an Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg agus leagann siad béim ar an ngá atá le bearta níos spriocdhírithe do mhná agus do mháithreacha óga.
Faigh an t-ábhar is déanaí ar an ábhar seo thíos.
Young people in the Western Balkans
This report analyses data from Eurofound’s 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey and its 2022 Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as data from official statistics, to examine employment trends, working conditions and the social situation of young people in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). Employment trends are also presented for Türkiye. This report is part of Eurofound’s ongoing effort to support informed policymaking in EU accession countries through the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA). It is the first output from a project financed by the Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) under the auspices of the IPA. Its aim is to provide knowledge that will support better-informed social, employment and work-related policies in the Western Balkans and Türkiye. It offers a comparative perspective between the countries and with the EU based on sound statistical analysis and expert consultation.
Ar theip ar an Eoraip a hóige?
San eipeasóid seo de Eurofound Talks, labhraíonn Mary McCaughey le taighdeoirí Eurofound, Eszter Sandor agus Massimiliano Mascherini, faoin staid do dhaoine óga san Eoraip, ó thionchar na géarchéime eacnamaíochta agus an Chúlú Mór go dtí iarmhairtí phaindéim COVID-19 agus treochtaí vótála i dtoghcháin Pharlaimint na hEorpa le déanaí. Pléann siad conas, cé go bhfuil roinnt treochtaí dearfacha ann maidir le fostaíocht le blianta beaga anuas, tá saincheisteanna imní atá os comhair daoine óga san Eoraip a chaithfear a shárú – ní hamháin do na daoine óga atá i gceist, ach freisin do chobhsaíocht eacnamaíoch agus shochaíoch níos leithne.Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
Tháinig NEETanna chun cinn mar cheann de na grúpaí is leochailí tar éis an Chúlú Mór 2008-2013. Tháinig ardú os cionn 40% ar an dífhostaíocht i measc na n-óg i go leor tíortha AE, rud a léiríonn an chaoi a bhfuil daoine óga níos leochailí don chúlú eacnamaíoch ná aoisghrúpaí eile.
In AE27, shroich sciar na NEETanna idir 15 agus 29 mbliana d'aois buaicphointe ag 16.1% in 2013 agus tháinig feabhas éigin air sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin mar gheall ar bhearta beartais amhail an Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg. Faoi 2019, bhí an ráta tite go 12.6%, an pointe is ísle le 10 mbliana.
Chuir paindéim COVID-19 agus na srianta eacnamaíocha gaolmhara le méadú ar an ráta NEETanna go 13.8% in 2020, mar thoradh ar chaillteanas post agus bacainní ar oideachas agus oiliúint do dhaoine óga. Tá ráta NEETanna ag laghdú go seasta ó 2021 agus shroich sé íseal riamh de 11.2% in 2023. Ina theannta sin, tá céatadán na n-oibrithe díspreagtha i measc an daonra NEET ag an leibhéal is ísle a taifeadadh freisin.
Bhí an ráta NEETanna do mhná óga idir 15 agus 29 bliain d'aois san AE ag 15.5% in 2020 agus tá sé fós níos airde ag 12.5% in 2023 ná an ráta 10.1% d'fhir óga. Tá an sciar níos airde do mhná óga i mbeagnach gach Ballstát.
I go leor tíortha, is mó seans go mbeidh máithreacha óga anois NEET ná fir óga, agus freagrachtaí teaghlaigh an chúis is mó le bheith NEET. Mar sin féin, is gann, bearta beartais an Aontais atá dírithe go sonrach ar mháithreacha óga nó ar mhná óga i gcoitinne. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le béim níos mó ar ghné inscne an ráta NEET.
Tuairiscítear leibhéil imní folláine mheabhrach i measc daoine óga san AE, go háirithe nuair a thagann sé chun mothúcháin uaigneas agus dúlagar, áit a bhfuil daoine óga ag fulaingt tionchar na paindéime agus ag laghdú idirghníomhaíochtaí sóisialta níos mó ná an daonra scothaosta.
Le cur chun feidhme na Ráthaíochta don Aos Óg, tá laghdú tagtha ar líon na NEETanna idir 15 agus 29 mbliana d'aois, ó thart ar 14 mhilliún ag airde ghéarchéim 2008-2013 go 9.3 milliún in 2019 (12.6%), ag méadú le linn phaindéim COVID-19 agus ag titim arís go 8.2 milliún in 2023 (11.2%). Mar sin féin, measann taighde Eurofound go bhfuil an caillteanas suntasach do gheilleagair na hEorpa i dtaithí ar shochair agus ar thuilleamh agus i gcánacha (€142 billiún in aghaidh na bliana in 2015). Tá tionchar mór aige sin ar fhorbairt eacnamaíoch agus shóisialta an Aontais.
Ós rud é go bhfuil staid na ndaoine óga ag dul in olcas freisin mar gheall ar phaindéim COVID-19, déanann Eurofound anailís ar thionchar na géarchéime ar na figiúirí sin, ag tógáil ar a thaighde roimhe seo ar an óige.
Tá dífhostaíocht i measc na n-óg a laghdú, agus é mar aidhm aige an oiread daoine óga agus is féidir a bheith rannpháirteach go héifeachtach i saol na hoibre, i gcroílár chlár oibre beartais an Aontais. Mar thoradh ar ghéarchéim eacnamaíoch 2008-2013 bhí leibhéil arda dífhostaíochta i measc na n-óg agus, dá bhrí sin, dícheangal i measc daoine óga. I bhfianaise seo, tá taighdeoirí agus oifigigh rialtais tar éis bealaí nua a lorg chun monatóireacht agus anailís a dhéanamh ar leitheadúlacht leochaileacht agus dícheangal mhargadh an tsaothair i measc daoine óga.
Baineadh úsáid fhorleathan as coincheap NEET mar tháscaire chun bonn eolais a chur faoi bheartais atá dírithe ar an óige maidir le infhostaitheacht, oideachas, oiliúint agus cuimsiú sóisialta i mBallstáit an AE ó 2010 i leith.
Rinneadh tagairt shonrach do NEETanna den chéad uair i bplé beartais na hEorpa sa tionscnamh suaitheanta Eoraip 2010 'An Óige ag gluaiseacht'. Ba é an chatagóir aoise a chlúdaigh an téarma ná 15–24 bliain d'aois agus leathnaíodh é ina dhiaidh sin chun iad siúd idir 15 agus 29 bliain d'aois a chur san áireamh. Tá an coincheap leabaithe go lárnach anois sa dioscúrsa beartais ar leibhéal an AE. In 2023, bhí 11.2% den daonra idir 15 agus 29 bliain d'aois ina NEET, rud atá íseal stairiúil. D'ardaigh an ráta NEET le linn na paindéime go 13.8% in 2020, ach tá sé ag laghdú go seasta ó shin.
I mí Aibreáin 2013, glacadh togra an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh chuig Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh chun Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg a chur chun feidhme i ngach Ballstát. Is cuspóir sainráite beartais de chuid na Ráthaíochta don Aos Óg é líon na NEETanna a laghdú. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag an tionscnamh seo a chinntiú go bhfaigheann gach duine óg idir 15 agus 24 bliana d'aois tairiscint ar ardchaighdeán fostaíochta, oideachais leanúnach, printíseachta nó tréimhse oiliúna laistigh de cheithre mhí tar éis dóibh a bheith dífhostaithe nó tar éis dóibh an t-oideachas foirmiúil a fhágáil. Chuidigh cur i bhfeidhm na Ráthaíochta don Aos Óg ar fud na mBallstát, tríd an Tionscnamh Fostaíochta don Aos Óg, le feabhas a chur ar an staid ar an talamh, agus líon na NEETanna a laghdú.
I mí na Nollag 2016, sheol an Coimisiún an tionscnamh 'Infheistíocht in Óige na hEorpa', iarracht athnuaite chun tacú le daoine óga. I bhfianaise thionchar dearfach na Ráthaíochta don Aos Óg go dtí an pointe sin, mhéadaigh an Coimisiún an t-airgead atá ar fáil don Tionscnamh Fostaíochta don Aos Óg go dtí 2020 chun for-rochtain níos éifeachtaí a spreagadh do dhaoine óga.
Glacadh Straitéis nua an Aontais don Aos Óg in 2018 ina leagtar amach creat le haghaidh comhar leis na Ballstáit maidir lena mbeartais óige don tréimhse 2019–2027. Díríonn an straitéis ar thrí phríomhréimse gníomhaíochta, atá dírithe ar na focail 'rannpháirtíocht, ceangail, cumhachtú'. Idir an dá linn, bhí tionchar tromchúiseach ag COVID-19 ar phrintíseacht agus ar oiliúint. Chun cabhrú leis an téarnamh eacnamaíoch ón bpaindéim, sheol an Coimisiún nua pacáiste Tacaíochta Fostaíochta don Aos Óg an 1 Iúil 2020 chun 'droichead chuig poist' a chur ar fáil don chéad ghlúin eile. Chuir an Coimisiún togra ar aghaidh le haghaidh Moladh ón gComhairle maidir le 'Droichead chuig Poist – An Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg a threisiú', in ionad Mholadh 2013. Leathnaíonn sé an raon aoise a chlúdaíonn an Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg ó 24 go 29 mbliana d'aois.
Leis an bPlean Gníomhaíochta um Cholún Eorpach um Chearta Sóisialta, a mhol an Coimisiún Eorpach i mí an Mhárta 2021 agus a bhí dearbhú ina dhiaidh sin ag Cruinniú Mullaigh Sóisialta Porto i mBealtaine 2021, tugadh isteach spriocanna nua uaillmhianacha do dhaoine óga, amhail ráta NEETanna san Aontas a laghdú go 9% faoi 2030.
An Coimisiún Eorpach: An Ráthaíocht don Aos Óg treisitheopens in new tab
EUR-Lex: Teachtaireacht maidir le hInfheistíocht in Óige na hEorpaopens in new tab
An Coimisiún Eorpach: Straitéis an AE don Óigeopens in new tab
EUR-Lex: Tacaíocht Fostaíochta don Aos Óg: Droichead chuig poist don chéad ghlúin eileopens in new tab
An Coimisiún Eorpach: Plean Gníomhaíochta an Cholún Eorpaigh um Chearta Sóisialtaopens in new tab
Is rogha é seo de na torthaí is tábhachtaí don ábhar seo.
21 May 2024
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
9 November 2021
Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecurity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
9 May 2021
Living, working and COVID-19 (Update April 2021): Mental health and trust decline across EU as pandemic enters another year
The third round of Eurofound's e-survey, fielded in February and March 2021, sheds light on the social and economic situation of people across Europe following nearly a full year of living with COVID-19 restrictions. This report analyses the main findings and tracks ongoing developments and trends across the 27 EU Member States since the survey was first launched in April 2020. It pinpoints issues that have surfaced over the course of the pandemic, such as increased job insecurity due to the threat of job loss, decline in mental well-being levels, erosion of recent gains in gender equality, fall in trust levels vis-à-vis institutions, deterioration of work–life balance and growth of vaccine hesitancy. The results of the survey highlight the need for a holistic approach to support all the groups hit hard by the crisis in order to prevent them from falling further behind.
23 October 2020
Youth in a time of COVID
14 December 2017
Long-term unemployed youth: Characteristics and policy responses
While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people’s well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education.
4 July 2016
Exploring the diversity of NEETs
The concept of NEET (young people not in employment, education or training) has, since 2010, been widely used as a tool to inform youth-oriented policies in the 28 Member States of the European Union. While it has been a valuable addition to more traditional indicators used to understand the economic and social vulnerability of young people and their labour market participation, it has often been criticised because of the heterogeneity of the population it captures. This report explores the diversity of NEETs and suggests seven subgroups into which the NEET population can be disaggregated using data routinely collected for the EU Labour Force Survey. Through analysis of the data for each of these subgroups, it offers a contemporary overview of the composition of the NEET population, both at EU28 level and in each Member State. It is hoped this information will help policymakers more precisely target interventions intended to ease young people’s engagement with the world of work and training. A separate annex presents detailed information on the composition of NEETs in the 28 Member States.
Soláthraíonn taighdeoirí Eurofound léargas saineolaithe agus is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh leo le haghaidh ceisteanna nó fiosrúcháin ó na meáin.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerIs bainisteoir taighde sinsearach é Eszter Sandor san aonad Beartais Shóisialta ag Eurofound. Tá saineolas aici ar mhodheolaíocht an tsuirbhé agus ar anailís staitistiúil, d'oibrigh sí ar ullmhú agus ar bhainistiú an tSuirbhé Eorpach ar Cháilíocht na Beatha agus le déanaí ar an ríomhshuirbhé Maireachtála, Oibre agus COVID-19, agus tá sí freagrach as cáilíocht tacar sonraí. Is iad na réimsí taighde atá aici ná folláine na n-óg agus cáilíocht na beatha i dteaghlaigh agus i dteaghlaigh, lena n-áirítear folláine suibiachtúil, cothromaíocht oibre agus saoil agus coinníollacha maireachtála. D'oibrigh sí roimhe seo mar chomhairleoir eacnamaíoch in Albain ag díriú ar mheasúnuithe tionchair eacnamaíocha, meastóireachtaí agus anailís ionchuir-aschuir. Tá céim Mháistreachta aici san Eacnamaíocht agus sa Chaidreamh Idirnáisiúnta ó Ollscoil Corvinus i mBúdaipeist.
Massimiliano Mascherini
Head of UnitTá Massimiliano Mascherini ina Cheann ar an aonad Beartais Shóisialta ag Eurofound ó mhí Dheireadh Fómhair 2019. Thosaigh sé ag obair le Eurofound in 2009 mar bhainisteoir taighde, ag dearadh agus ag comhordú tionscadail maidir le fostaíocht don aos óg, NEETanna agus comhionannas inscne. In 2017, ceapadh é ina bhainisteoir taighde sinsearach agus bhí sé i gceannas ar thaighde nua ar mhonatóireacht a dhéanamh ar chóineasú san AE. Ina theannta sin, bhí sé i gceannas ar choincheapú an tSuirbhé Eorpaigh ar Cháilíocht na Beatha 2026. In 2025, bronnadh duais Brendan Walsh air don pháipéar is fearr a foilsíodh in Economic and Social Review. Roimhe sin, bhí sé ina oifigeach eolaíochta ag an Airmheán Comhpháirteach Taighde de chuid an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh. Rinne sé staidéar in Ollscoil Florence, áit a ndearna sé staidéar ar eolaíochtaí achtúireach agus staitistiúla agus bhain sé PhD amach i Staitisticí Feidhmeacha. In 2014, fuair sé cáilíocht eolaíoch mar Ollamh Comhlach le Staitisticí Sóisialta agus Déimeagrafaic ó Aireacht Ollscoile agus Taighde na hIodáile. Bhí sé ina chomhalta ar cuairt in Ollscoil Sydney agus in Ollscoil Aalborg agus ina ollamh ar cuairt in Acadamh Pontifical na nEolaíochtaí Sóisialta.
Tugann an rannán seo rochtain ar an ábhar ar fad a foilsíodh faoin ábhar.
