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Relazioni industriali e dialogo sociale

Le relazioni industriali e il dialogo sociale rappresentano una delle sei attività principali del programma di lavoro di Eurofound per il periodo 2021-2024. La Fondazione continuerà a operare come centro di competenze per il monitoraggio e l’analisi degli sviluppi dei sistemi di relazioni industriali e del dialogo sociale a livello nazionale e dell’UE. Continuerà a sostenere il dialogo tra le parti sociali, anche alla luce dell’impatto della COVID-19 , avvalendosi delle competenze della propria rete di corrispondenti a livello nazionale.

Nei prossimi quattro anni, Eurofound fornirà importanti informazioni sulle sfide e le prospettive nel settore delle relazioni industriali e del dialogo sociale nell’UE. Con un’esperienza consolidata in questo campo, la Fondazione analizza i principali sviluppi che interessano i soggetti attivi, i processi e i risultati chiave delle relazioni industriali. Mette a confronto i sistemi nazionali di relazioni industriali, compreso il dialogo sociale e la contrattazione collettiva . Partendo dalla sua banca dati «COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch», creata nel 2020, Eurofound monitorerà le iniziative strategiche dei governi, delle parti sociali e di altri soggetti attivi per attenuare le ricadute sociali ed economiche della crisi, nonché per contribuire agli sforzi di ripresa. Continuerà a riferire regolarmente sugli sviluppi in materia di fissazione delle retribuzioni salario minimo orario di lavoro , nonché sui risultati della vita lavorativa.

Le competenze di Eurofound promuovono lo sviluppo delle capacità delle parti sociali di realizzare un dialogo sociale efficace; inoltre, l’Agenzia promuove lo sviluppo del dialogo sociale europeo esaminando la rappresentatività delle organizzazioni delle parti sociali in diversi settori, per valutare la loro idoneità a partecipare ai comitati di dialogo sociale.

 

«Il nostro compito è sostenere il dialogo tra le parti sociali. Ritengo che i dati che elaboriamo insieme e le ricerche che facciamo siano importanti, se aiutano i soggetti interessati a funzionare meglio... Un dialogo sociale vivace rientra in quella che si potrebbe definire un’economia sociale di mercato, che è ciò che l’Unione europea si propone di realizzare».

— David Foden, consulente, relazioni industriali

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Maggio 2024
Publication
Annual report

Messaggi strategici chiave

Infografica

I principali risultati emersi dalla ricerca di Eurofound servono ai responsabili politici da spunto per affrontare alcune delle questioni chiave in questo settore.

  • Attraverso la contrattazione collettiva, le parti sociali svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel garantire un trattamento equo per i lavoratori europei e un quadro stabile e prevedibile per i datori di lavoro.
  • Una contrattazione collettiva efficace garantisce che la concorrenza tra le imprese, grazie a norme comuni in materia di retribuzione e condizioni di lavoro, possa concentrarsi sull’aumento dell’efficienza piuttosto che sullo sfruttamento della forza lavoro.
  • I sistemi delle relazioni industriali sono sempre più a rischio a causa dell’evoluzione della società, dei mercati e dell’organizzazione del lavoro. Tale situazione ha comportato sfide per la capacità di intervento dei principali soggetti attivi a livello dei sistemi di relazioni industriali degli Stati membri.
  • In termini di retribuzione, i risultati mostrano che sette lavoratori su 10 nell’UE che percepiscono il salario minimo riferiscono quantomeno una certa difficoltà nell’arrivare a fine mese, rispetto a meno di cinque su 10 degli altri lavoratori; queste cifre variano tuttavia notevolmente da un paese all’altro. A fronte della pandemia, i salari minimi possono svolgere un ruolo nella combinazione di politiche per stabilizzare i redditi e quindi la richiesta di contrastare una spirale discendente in recessione o depressione.
  • L’efficacia del dialogo sociale europeo dipende da forti legami con il livello nazionale, per cui l’agenda dell’UE continua a essere pertinente e gli accordi autonomi dell’UE vengono attuati in modo significativo a livello nazionale.
  • Mentre dal dialogo sociale europeo sono emerse diverse iniziative congiunte, pochi accordi sono stati conclusi. Si teme che in alcuni settori le richieste delle parti sociali di attuare gli accordi attraverso la legislazione europea siano state respinte e che siano necessari migliori collegamenti tra i livelli UE e nazionali.
  • Le tendenze in calo della densità sindacale sono motivo di preoccupazione in molti Stati membri. Meno di un posto di lavoro su tre (con più di 10 lavoratori) nell’UE (29 %) vanta una qualche forma di rappresentanza dei lavoratori. I requisiti legislativi rappresentano un fattore chiave per la presenza della rappresentanza.
  • La contrattazione collettiva rimane al centro dei sistemi di relazioni industriali in seno all’UE. I responsabili politici dovrebbero cogliere l’opportunità della crisi da COVID-19 per introdurre nuove iniziative al fine di promuovere, rafforzare e sostenere la contrattazione collettiva.
  • Oltre agli sforzi delle parti sociali, un dialogo sociale efficace e relazioni industriali ben funzionanti richiedono fondi pubblici nonché il sostegno delle autorità pubbliche. I responsabili politici dovrebbero esplorare nuove forme di trasferimento delle conoscenze, di stanziamento di risorse e di impegno con le parti sociali a livello di Unione europea e nazionale.
  • La salvaguardia e la promozione di relazioni industriali eque, ben funzionanti ed equilibrate è fondamentale per garantire una crescita inclusiva e sostenibile nonché il progresso sociale nell’UE. A seguito della COVID-19, rappresenterà anche un modo importante per i responsabili politici di integrare la dimensione sociale ed economica dell’UE, come stabilito nel pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Gennaio 2024
Publication
Work programme
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La revisione annuale dei salari minimi del 2023 è stata preparata nel contesto di un’inflazione senza precedenti in tutta Europa. Se da una parte tale revisione ha portato a forti...

29 Giugno 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (531)

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Three years after the adoption of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), this report reviews the quality of the social partners’ involvement in 2023 in the ongoing implementation of reforms and investments funded by that initiative. It also examines the quality of their involvement in the prepa

26 February 2024

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the furniture sector.

08 December 2023

Previous Eurofound research developed three complementary tools to examine the dynamics of industrial relations and compare how national industrial relations systems are faring in terms of quality and change over time.

05 December 2023

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the woodworking sector.

21 November 2023

This study provides information to allow for an assessment of the representativeness of the national and supranational social partners at cross-industry level in the EU.

09 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the professional football sector.

26 October 2023

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

Online resources results (1768)
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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

Sweden: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A historic agreement on industrial action regulations and a narrowing gender pay gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2018.

Italy: Increasing fragmentation in collective bargaining at sectoral level

The increasing fragmentation of sectoral agreements in Italy is highlighted in a report, released in November 2017, by the tripartite National Economic and Labour Council. It adds that decentralised bargaining increasingly deals with performance-related pay and welfare benefits. Although this

Czech Republic: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

New employment strategies to address labour shortages, the post-election political shift in the Chamber of Deputies and an award-winning documentary on working conditions are the main points of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the

Lithuania: Trilateral agreement promoting social dialogue signed

An agreement on reforms crucial to Lithuania’s economic growth was signed on 16 October after almost a year of discussions. The agreement, signed by Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis and representatives of the social partners, identifies long-term objectives such as improving efficiency in the

EU-level: Latest working life developments – Q3 2017

Launch of the second phase consultation of social partners of the Written Statement Directive, social partners’ positions regarding aspects of the European Pillar of Social Rights​ , and President Juncker's State of the Union address are the main topics of interest in this article. This country

France: Mixed reactions of social partners to labour market reform

The focus in France this summer has been on reforming the Labour Code with a view to reducing long-term mass unemployment. The government adopted five ordinances on 22 September 2017 – the first step in a massive reform of the labour market involving the social partners.

Spain: Talks over salary increase for 2017 collapse

Since the end of 2016, the main Spanish social partners have been trying to reach agreement about a salary increase for 2017, as part of the Agreement for Employment and Social Dialogue 2015–2017. Despite several attempts, negotiations were finally broken off at the end of July 2017 with no

Spain: AXA recognises workers’ right to turn phones off out of working hours

The beginning of 2017 witnessed increasing debate on allowing workers to disconnect their digital devices after working hours. In July 2017, insurance company AXA became the first company in Spain to recognise workers’ right to do so. The government is currently studying possible legislation in


Blogs results (22)
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Maggio 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 Aprile 2019
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

1 Maggio 2018
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The workings of industrial relations are constantly evolving. In this blog piece, Eurofound authors Christian Welz and Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras discuss a tool that Eurofound has developed to enable this process of change to be monitored and analysed, enabling stakeholders in Member States to

28 Marzo 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 Febbraio 2018
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Giugno 2017
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 Febbraio 2017
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Europe has gone through significant economic change over the past decade. Businesses have had to manage the challenges posed by the financial crisis, globalisation and a rapidly changing labour market. Eurofound's new report Win-win arrangements: Innovative measures through social dialogue at

3 Ottobre 2016
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On the eve of the 11th International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) European Congress, we look at the issue of representativeness in Europe, and how ensuring that workers and employers are fairly represented at EU-level is an important aspect of European democracy.

7 Settembre 2016
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The European Union (EU) has strong legislation in place that protects workers from being exploited and also enables businesses to engage in fair competition. Workers are mobile and can move freely within the EU single market across borders – without being dependent upon traffickers. Yet, the latest

3 Maggio 2016

Upcoming publications results (9)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

June 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Gennaio 2024
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