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Orario di lavoro

L’orario di lavoro designa qualsiasi periodo durante il quale un lavoratore presta servizio restando a disposizione del datore di lavoro e svolgendo le proprie attività o mansioni, conformemente alle leggi e/o prassi nazionali. Gli orari di lavoro variano per i lavoratori con diverse funzioni o in diverse fasi della vita: nel determinare queste differenze è particolarmente importante il genere.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

L’orario di lavoro costituisce un elemento fondamentale della vita lavorativa e la sua regolamentazione è stata al centro di dibattiti politici, economici e sociali a livello nazionale e dell’UE. Per salvaguardare la salute e la sicurezza dei lavoratori, la direttiva UE concernente l’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro impone a tutti gli Stati membri di garantire norme minime in materia di organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro per tutti i lavoratori in tutta l’UE, che comprendono durata massima settimanale (fissata a 48 ore), periodi minimi di riposo e pause, ferie annuali e aspetti del lavoro notturno e del lavoro a turni.

Il lavoro di Eurofound

Da molti anni, Eurofound raccoglie informazioni su vari aspetti dell’orario di lavoro e sulle relative implicazioni per le condizioni di lavoro e la qualità della vita di uomini e donne nell’UE. Gli studi di Eurofound sull’orario di lavoro mirano a migliorare la comprensione di come lo stesso è organizzato e di come questo influenzi l’occupazione, la produttività, il benessere e l’equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata. I dati sull’orario di lavoro contrattuale e il ruolo delle parti sociali sono stati pubblicati regolarmente e sono stati anche analizzati di recente da una prospettiva a lungo termine. La ricerca sull’orario di lavoro degli uomini rispetto a quello delle donne dimostra che i primi hanno molte più probabilità di lavorare più a lungo e che le seconde sono più propense a dedicare più tempo al lavoro domestico non retribuito.

Regolamentazione e organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro

La regolamentazione dell’orario di lavoro contribuisce a incrementare l’equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata e anche la partecipazione al mercato del lavoro. In un clima economico in rapida evoluzione, le aziende e i lavoratori hanno bisogno di flessibilità. Eurofound ha analizzato il nesso tra orario di lavoro ed equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata nell’arco della vita.

La ricerca ha esaminato i vari aspetti dell’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro nonché le implicazioni per la produttività e le condizioni di lavoro. Poiché l’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro sta cambiando, Eurofound insieme all’Organizzazione internazionale del lavoro ha esaminato di recente gli effetti del telelavoro e del lavoro mobile grazie alle TIC sull’orario di lavoro di chi ha sottoscritto questo genere di contratti.

Adottando una prospettiva a lungo termine sull’orario di lavoro, uno studio recente ha esaminato l’evoluzione dell’orario di lavoro disciplinato da un contratto collettivo nell’UE all’inizio del XXI secolo. L’accento viene posto in particolare su cinque settori: chimico, metalmeccanico, bancario, commercio al dettaglio e pubblica amministrazione. La relazione descrive i regimi istituzionali della regolamentazione e valuta i cambiamenti nell’orario di lavoro convenuto per contratto e nei normali orari di lavoro tra il 1999 e il 2014.

L’orario di lavoro nell’analisi delle indagini

Le tre principali indagini di Eurofound forniscono dati su questioni relative all’orario di lavoro.

L’ indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro (European Working Conditions Survey, EWCS) analizza l’orario di lavoro da diverse prospettive. Nella sesta EWCS del 2015, la qualità dell’orario di lavoro era uno dei sette indicatori di qualità del lavoro in generale. È stata utilizzata per misurare l’incidenza di un orario di lavoro lungo, le fasce orarie per le pause, l’orario di lavoro atipico, l’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro e la flessibilità, e come questi fattori abbiano un impatto sulla salute e il benessere dei lavoratori. I dati mostrano che il 43 % dei lavoratori ha orari di lavoro molto regolari.

Sfruttando i dati della sesta EWCS, Eurofound ha di recente esaminato le forme di organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro per un lavoro sostenibile . L’analisi prende in esame i nessi tra le forme di organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro, l’equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata e le preferenze in materia di orario di lavoro nonché la salute e il benessere dei lavoratori. Valuta anche quanto siano sostenibili le attuali condizioni di lavoro e gli schemi di orario di lavoro in futuro.

L’ indagine sulla qualità della vita in Europa (European Quality of Life Survey, EQLS) analizza l’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro, sia retribuito sia non retribuito, e come incide sulla soddisfazione per l’equilibrio vita-lavoro.

L’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro può avere un’incidenza significativa sull’efficienza, la produttività e la competitività delle aziende, per non parlare della salute, del benessere e della motivazione dei dipendenti. Con la sua indagine sulle imprese europee (European Company Survey, ECS), Eurofound ha condotto anche una ricerca esaustiva sull’orario di lavoro e l’equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata. Ha esaminato la prevalenza di un’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro flessibile e la contabilità dello stesso, lavoro a tempo parziale, ore di lavoro straordinario e di lavoro atipico; congedi parentali e altri congedi a lungo termine; pensionamento graduale e anticipato; nonché politiche specifiche a sostegno dell’equilibrio vita-lavoro nelle aziende.

Approfondimento: aggiornamento tematico EurWORK sulle domeniche lavorative in Europa

23 settembre 2016 Gli Stati membri dell’UE stanno emanando leggi per regolamentare gli orari di apertura delle attività commerciali di domenica. Tuttavia, vi sono anche Stati membri in cui la nuova normativa limita gli orari di apertura. Secondo l’indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro, la proporzione di lavoratori che segnalano domeniche lavorative è aumentata tra il 2010 e il 2015, a sostegno dell’idea che gli acquisti di domenica stanno diventando sempre più prassi comune.
Cosa sta succedendo con le domeniche lavorative in Europa

Risorse

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Ottobre 2023
Publication
Research report
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Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.La presente relazione si propone di valutare l’impatto iniziale della crisi COVID-19 sull’occupazione...

11 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

05 May 2023

La presente relazione presenta la ricerca di Eurofound sul telelavoro durante la pandemia di COVID-19 nel 2020 e nel 2021. Esamina i cambiamenti nell’incidenza del telelavoro, soffermandosi sulle condizioni di lavoro dei dipendenti che lavorano da casa e sulle modifiche apportate alla

08 December 2022

Le rigorose restrizioni in materia di sanità pubblica attuate dai governi nel 2020 per controllare la pandemia di COVID-19 hanno improvvisamente cambiato la vita lavorativa e hanno continuato a plasmarla nei due anni successivi. Tra marzo e novembre 2021, oltre 70 000 interviste sono state condotte

29 November 2022

La relazione si propone di mappare e analizzare la legislazione e la contrattazione collettiva sul telelavoro nei 27 Stati membri e in Norvegia, evidenziando le principali differenze e analogie tra le legislazioni dei vari paesi e le modifiche apportatevi di recente. Esamina inoltre l’attuale

01 September 2022

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2021 for 28 countries – the 27 EU Member States and Norway. The country reports summarise evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey results during 2021. They

19 May 2022

Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how

10 March 2022

La pandemia di COVID-19 ha comportato la chiusura o la limitazione di numerose attività economiche nel 2020 con ampie ripercussioni sul mercato del lavoro. All’inizio della pandemia le perdite di posti di lavoro sono state più gravi di quelle registrate durante la crisi finanziaria mondiale. Un calo

19 October 2021

Online resources results (559)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 Aprile 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 Marzo 2021

Labour market regulation, effectiveness of legal rights and obligations, and safety and health at work 9 March 2021 Presentation by Barbara Gerstenberger, Head of unit - Working life, Eurofound

9 Marzo 2021

Connecting and disconnecting and work-life balance 9 March 2021 Presentation by Tina Weber, Research manager - Employment unit, Eurofound

9 Marzo 2021

Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Ottobre 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 Maggio 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febbraio 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Novembre 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Novembre 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 Novembre 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Settembre 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Marzo 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 Novembre 2015
Data results (1)

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