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Temps de travail

On entend par «temps de travail» toute période durant laquelle le travailleur est au travail, à la disposition de l’employeur et dans l’exercice de ses activités ou de ses fonctions, conformément aux législations et/ou pratiques nationales. Le temps de travail varie en fonction de la profession ou de l’âge du travailleur, et le genre revêt une importance particulière dans la détermination de ces différences.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

Le temps de travail est un élément clé de la vie professionnelle et sa réglementation se trouve au cœur des discussions politiques, économiques et sociales depuis plusieurs décennies, tant au niveau de l’UE que des États membres. Pour protéger la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs, la directive européenne sur le temps de travail impose à tous les États membres de garantir des normes minimales en matière de temps de travail pour l’ensemble des travailleurs, et ce dans toute l’UE. Il s’agit, entre autres, de normes applicables à la durée maximale hebdomadaire de travail (fixée à 48 heures), aux périodes minimales de repos et aux temps de pause, aux congés annuels, au travail de nuit et au travail posté.

Études d’Eurofound

Depuis de nombreuses années, Eurofound collecte des informations concernant divers aspects du temps de travail ainsi que leurs conséquences sur les conditions de travail et la qualité de vie des hommes et des femmes dans l’UE. Les études menées par Eurofound sur le temps de travail visent à mieux comprendre le mode d’aménagement de ce dernier et ses conséquences sur l’emploi, la productivité, le bien-être et l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée. Des données sur le temps de travail fixé par convention collective et sur le rôle des partenaires sociaux sont régulièrement publiées; elles ont dernièrement fait l’objet d’analyses dans une perspective à long terme. Des études comparatives sur le temps de travail des hommes et des femmes indiquent que les hommes sont beaucoup plus susceptibles de travailler un plus grand nombre d’heures et les femmes de consacrer davantage de temps à des tâches ménagères non rémunérées.

Réglementation et aménagement du temps de travail

La réglementation du temps de travail a un rôle à jouer pour améliorer l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, mais également la participation au marché du travail. Dans un environnement économique en rapide évolution, les entreprises et les travailleurs ont besoin de flexibilité. Eurofound a étudié la relation entre le temps de travail et l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée sur l’ensemble du déroulement de la vie.

Les études ont porté sur les différents aspects de l’aménagement du temps de travail et les conséquences en termes de productivité et de conditions de travail. Compte tenu de l’évolution de l’aménagement du temps de travail, Eurofound a examiné dernièrement, en collaboration avec l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), les effets du télétravail et du travail mobile fondé sur les TIC sur le temps de travail des personnes concernées par de tels régimes.

Dans une approche à long terme du temps de travail, une étude récente a examiné l’évolution de certains aspects du temps de travail fixé par des conventions collectives dans l’UE au début du XXIe siècle. L’étude se concentre plus précisément sur cinq secteurs: les produits chimiques, la métallurgie, le secteur bancaire, le commerce de détail et l’administration publique. Le rapport décrit les systèmes institutionnels de réglementation et évalue l’évolution de la durée conventionnelle et celle de la durée habituelle du travail entre 1999 et 2014.

Le temps de travail dans l’analyse des enquêtes

Trois enquêtes majeures d’Eurofound fournissent des données sur des questions liées au temps de travail.

L’ enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail (EWCS) étudie le temps de travail sous plusieurs angles. Dans la sixième EWCS (2015), la qualité du temps de travail constitue l’un des sept indices de qualité du travail. Cet indice mesure les incidences de longs horaires de travail, la possibilité de faire une pause, les temps de travail atypiques, l’aménagement et la flexibilité des horaires, et détermine dans quelle mesure ces différents aspects ont des répercussions sur la santé et le bien-être des travailleurs. Les résultats indiquent que 43 % des travailleurs suivent des horaires de travail très réguliers.

En s’appuyant sur les données de la sixième EWCS, Eurofound a récemment examiné les modèles de temps de travail pour un travail durable. L’analyse porte sur les liens entre les modèles de temps de travail, l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée et les préférences en matière de temps de travail, d’une part, ainsi que la santé et le bien-être des travailleurs, d’autre part. Elle évalue également dans quelle mesure les conditions de travail et les modèles de temps de travail actuels sont viables à long terme.

L’ enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) porte sur les régimes de travail, rémunérés ou non, et sur leur incidence quant à la conciliation entre vie professionnelle et vie privée.

Les régimes de travail peuvent avoir une incidence significative sur l’efficacité, la productivité et la compétitivité des entreprises, sans parler de la santé, du bien-être et de la motivation de leurs employés. Dans le cadre de son enquête sur les entreprises en Europe (ECS), Eurofound a également réalisé une analyse approfondie du temps de travail et de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée. Elle a étudié la prévalence des régimes de travail flexibles et des comptes épargne-temps, du travail à temps partiel, des heures supplémentaires et horaires de travail atypiques, des congés parentaux et autres congés de longue durée, des retraites progressives et anticipées ainsi que des mesures spécifiques d’amélioration de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée adoptées par les entreprises.

Gros plan sur: rapport thématique d’EurWORK sur le travail dominical en Europe

23 septembre 2016 – Les États membres de l’UE ont adopté des lois visant à réglementer les heures d’ouverture des magasins et des entreprises le dimanche. Certains ont toutefois mis en place de nouvelles législations limitant les heures d’ouverture. D’après l’enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail, la proportion de travailleurs indiquant travailler le dimanche a augmenté entre 2010 et 2015, ce qui confirme l’idée selon laquelle il devient de plus en plus courant de travailler le dimanche.
What’s happening with Sunday work in Europe

Ressources

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 octobre 2023
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

05 May 2023

Le présent rapport expose les recherches d’Eurofound sur le télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 en 2020 et 2021. Il examine les changements dans l’incidence du télétravail, les conditions de travail des salariés travaillant à domicile et les modifications de la réglementation portant sur les

08 December 2022

Les restrictions sévères en matière de santé publique mises en œuvre par les gouvernements en 2020 pour maîtriser la pandémie de COVID-19 ont brutalement modifié la vie professionnelle et ont continué de la façonner au cours des deux années qui ont suivi. Entre mars et novembre 2021, plus de 70 000

29 November 2022

Le présent rapport vise à cartographier et à analyser la législation et les conventions collectives relatives au télétravail dans les 27 États membres et en Norvège. Il met en exergue les principales différences et similitudes entre les pays en ce qui concerne la législation relative au télétravail

01 September 2022

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2021 for 28 countries – the 27 EU Member States and Norway. The country reports summarise evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey results during 2021. They

19 May 2022

Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how

10 March 2022

La pandémie de COVID-19 a entraîné l’arrêt ou la limitation de nombreuses activités économiques en 2020, ce qui a eu une incidence considérable sur le marché du travail. Dès le début de la pandémie, les pertes d’emploi étaient plus importantes que lors de la crise financière mondiale. Une baisse

19 October 2021

Online resources results (559)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 avril 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 mars 2021

Labour market regulation, effectiveness of legal rights and obligations, and safety and health at work 9 March 2021 Presentation by Barbara Gerstenberger, Head of unit - Working life, Eurofound

9 mars 2021

Connecting and disconnecting and work-life balance 9 March 2021 Presentation by Tina Weber, Research manager - Employment unit, Eurofound

9 mars 2021

Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 octobre 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 mai 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 février 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 novembre 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 novembre 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 novembre 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 septembre 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 mars 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 novembre 2015
Data results (1)

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