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Promuovere la coesione e la convergenza sociale

La promozione della coesione e della convergenza sociale rappresenta una delle sei attività principali del programma di lavoro di Eurofound per il periodo 2021-2024. Eurofound continuerà a operare come centro di competenza per il monitoraggio e l’analisi delle principali tendenze e dei fattori determinanti per raggiungere una convergenza verso l’alto delle condizioni di vita e di lavoro nonché per rafforzare la coesione economica e sociale nell’UE. La pandemia di COVID-19 rappresenta una sfida senza precedenti per la resilienza economica e sociale dell’UE, evidenziando la fragilità di qualsiasi progresso nei modelli di convergenza già raggiunti.

Nei prossimi quattro anni, Eurofound fornirà un’importante panoramica delle sfide e delle prospettive nel settore della coesione e della convergenza sociale nell’UE, contribuendo a garantire che le sue economie e società siano resistenti agli shock futuri. La Fondazione svilupperà ulteriormente il lavoro degli anni precedenti sul tema della convergenza verso l’alto, ponendo particolare enfasi sul potenziale aumento di nuove disuguaglianze tra i cittadini e su come affrontare le crescenti sfide alla coesione sociale causate dalla crisi. L’Agenzia riferirà regolarmente sulle tendenze in materia di convergenza verso l’alto nella dimensione socioeconomica nonché nelle dimensioni delineate nel pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali a livello di Stati membri e di regioni, facendo al contempo un raffronto tra l’UE e gli altri paesi sviluppati.

Nel valutare i fattori trainanti e le implicazioni della convergenza economica e sociale, Eurofound presterà attenzione a una serie di fattori: investimenti sociali, mobilità e quadri istituzionali, regolamentazione, sistemi previdenziali, qualità istituzionale e servizi pubblici dialogo sociale e riforme strutturali. La ricerca esaminerà l’efficacia della risposta dell’UE alla pandemia per la convergenza economica e sociale. Prenderà inoltre in considerazione la situazione nell’area dell’euro concentrandosi sul ruolo dei processi di relazioni industriali nell’influenzare la convergenza.

Eurofound analizzerà le tendenze e i motori trainanti della coesione sociale nell’Unione europea, esaminando in particolare come la pandemia di COVID-19 abbia accentuato le disuguaglianze esistenti o ne abbia innescate di nuove, che interessano categorie specifiche di cittadini o la società in senso più ampio. L’analisi si concentrerà sulle disparità economiche, sociali e sanitarie, sia nel mercato del lavoro che in termini di accesso e qualità di beni e servizi cruciali come l’ assistenza sanitaria , gli alloggi, l’istruzione e la protezione sociale . Si studierà il legame tra disuguaglianze, fiducia istituzionale e malcontento. Tra gli atri settori di interesse figurano la migrazione , l’integrazione e le tensioni sociali.

I risultati della ricerca che emergeranno da questa attività contribuiranno al lavoro dei diversi servizi della Commissione europea e del Comitato per l’occupazione (EMCO), del Comitato per la protezione sociale (CPS), del Comitato economico e finanziario (CEF), del Consiglio e del Parlamento europeo, anche in relazione al semestre europeo.

«La crisi della COVID-19 ha riportato il concetto di convergenza verso l’alto al centro del dibattito politico... Tale convergenza è importante per la stabilità dell’Unione. Non mantenere la promessa di una convergenza verso l’alto rischia di compromettere il funzionamento dell’Unione e di creare malcontento politico nei confronti del progetto dell’Unione europea».

— Massimiliano Mascherini, capo dell’unità Politiche sociali

Topic

Recent updates

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This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations...

26 Aprile 2024
Publication
Research report

Messaggi strategici chiave

Infografica

I principali risultati emersi dalla ricerca di Eurofound servono ai responsabili politici da spunto per affrontare alcune delle questioni chiave in questo settore.

  • Una convergenza economica e sociale sostenibile è fondamentale per la stabilità duratura dell’Europa e richiede un approccio europeo integrato.
  • Prestazioni economiche e sociali divergenti tra gli Stati membri mettono a rischio la condivisione della prosperità e l’adeguatezza delle condizioni di vita e di lavoro; è pertanto essenziale monitorare le tendenze della convergenza nell’UE e attuare politiche per evitare divergenze.
  • Prima della crisi causata dalla COVID-19, l’Europa aveva vissuto sei anni di crescita economica ininterrotta, assorbendo le conseguenze negative della crisi del 2008 e registrando una convergenza verso l’alto in settori come l’occupazione e il rischio di povertà. Ma non tutti gli Stati membri ne hanno beneficiato allo stesso modo e le disparità regionali sono aumentate.
  • La pandemia da COVID-19 rischia di ampliare ulteriormente le disuguaglianze tra gli Stati membri e tra le categorie socioeconomiche. Metterà alla prova la resilienza economica e sociale degli Stati membri davanti al rischio di divergenze economiche e sociali nell’Unione europea. Queste crescenti disparità possono incidere anche sulla stabilità dell’UE ed evidenziano la necessità di dare piena attuazione al pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali nonché di comunicare queste misure ai cittadini dell’UE in modo chiaro.
  • Mantenere la fiducia dei cittadini nelle istituzioni nazionali ed europee deve restare un obiettivo fondamentale in tempi di crisi, dal momento che il rispetto delle misure volte a tenere sotto controllo la pandemia di COVID-19 dipende in gran parte dal grado di fiducia nelle istituzioni e nelle raccomandazioni scientifiche. Anche l’aumento della fiducia nelle istituzioni espresso dai partecipanti che hanno beneficiato di misure di sostegno rappresenta un chiaro messaggio per i governi nazionali e l’UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of social cohesion and convergence in the EU, helping to ensure its economies and societies are resilient to future shocks. Eurofound will expand on its work from previous years on the upward convergence theme, with particular emphasis on the potential rise of new inequalities among citizens and how to address the increased challenges to social cohesion brought about by the crisis. The Agency will report regularly on trends in upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension, as well as in the dimensions outlined in the European Pillar of Social Rights at Member State and regional levels, while also comparing the EU with other developed countries.

In exploring the drivers and implications of economic and social convergence, Eurofound will pay attention to a range of factors: social investment, mobility and institutional frameworks, regulation, welfare systems, institutional quality and public servicessocial dialogue and structural reforms. The research will examine the effectiveness of the EU’s response to the pandemic for economic and social convergence. It will also consider the situation in the euro area, as well as focusing on the role of industrial relations processes in influencing convergence.

Eurofound will investigate the trends and drivers of social cohesion in the European Union, in particular examining how the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated existing inequalities or triggered new ones affecting society more broadly or specific groups of citizens. The analysis will focus on economic, social and health disparities, both in the labour market and in terms of access to and quality of crucial goods and services such as healthcare, housing, education and social protection. The link between inequalities, institutional trust and discontent will be studied. Other areas of interest include migration, integration and societal tensions.

The research results emerging from this activity will contribute to the work of the different services of the European Commission and the Employment Committee (EMCO), the Social Protection Committee (SPC), the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC), the Council and the European Parliament, including in relation to the European Semester.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to support sustainable upward economic and social convergence, to reduce multidimensional inequalities and to develop initiatives to strengthen social cohesion, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels brought about by COVID-19. By investigating the pandemic recovery programmes at European level and their effect on economic and social convergence, Eurofound aims to inform policymakers on ways to promote convergence and the effectiveness of various initiatives. Research on social cohesion is intended to advance the debate on ways to promote policies towards a fairer and more inclusive society.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research links in with the EU objective of sustainable economic and social convergence and will seek to support the debate on the European Pillar of Social Rights, its implementation and monitoring role, as well as on the reform of Economic and Monetary Union. Findings on trust can contribute to the initiatives regarding the Future of Europe debate.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to study upward convergence towards better working and living conditions and stronger economic and social cohesion. The focus is on the potential rise of new inequalities and how to explain and address the increased challenges to the social cohesion of the EU brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Eurofound continues to report on the latest trends in and drivers of upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension by updating and maintaining its dashboard of indicators and by providing regular annual updates at Member State and regional level.

Building on previous work on income inequalities and on the middle classes, research concludes on trends in this area, shedding light on the impact of the increased cost of living on different income groups, including the middle class, and households.

Eurofound provides new evidence on the role of human capital in inequalities across the EU, in particular its role in ensuring social cohesion and convergence. Alongside exploring stocks and flows of human capital across Member States, the study offers an insight into the role of education as a driver of economic and social convergence. 

New evidence also sheds light on the emerging challenges and opportunities arising from the high inflow of Ukrainian refugees to the EU, focusing on integration efforts at EU and national level, as well as the impact on public services.

A new project on the role of digitalisation complements Eurofound’s work on convergence and inequalities. This research analyses the long-term trends in the uptake and usage of digital technologies by EU citizens and the progress made by Member States in fulfilling the targets set in their recovery and resilience plans. It also assesses if digitalisation is a driver of economic and social convergence in the EU, with a focus on income, employment and poverty.

Building on previous work in 2019 and drawing on newer data, Eurofound aims to identify changes in overall wealth distribution during recent years and produce a more detailed account of the size and composition of the population with no or negative wealth, and of the asset composition of the wealth quintiles.

New research also examines the dynamics of social cohesion, polarisation in perceived trust in institutions and satisfaction with democracy in Europe. This analysis explores social developments that can lead to tensions, withdrawal or radicalisation, and the main dimension of the polarisation in European societies over the last decade. Looking at the 2024 European elections, the research investigates new forms of inclusive participation and their possible effect on polarisation.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Gennaio 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Eleonora Peruffo is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. She works on topics related to upward convergence and social cohesion in Europe. During 2021–2022...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (37)

This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations in political participation, examining correlations with levels of institutional distrust

26 April 2024

This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for

28 March 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

21 September 2023

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

La presente relazione esplora l’evoluzione delle prestazioni ambientali degli Stati membri dell’UE e la misura in cui le disparità di tali prestazioni sono diminuite dall’inizio degli anni 2000. La relazione è il frutto della collaborazione tra Eurofound e l’Agenzia europea dell’ambiente, in

03 August 2023

In risposta alla guerra della Russia contro l’Ucraina, l’UE ha attivato la direttiva sulla protezione temporanea per le persone fuggite dal paese, consentendo loro di stabilirsi nell’UE e di accedere ai servizi pubblici di base e al mercato del lavoro. Nella primavera del 2023 più di 4,5 milioni di

14 June 2023

Il 2022 si è aperto con cauto ottimismo. L’Europa stava uscendo da due anni di pandemia di COVID-19, con NextGenerationEU che definiva un piano per una ripresa che costruisse un futuro forte e sostenibile. L’attacco russo nei confronti dell’Ucraina all’inizio dell’anno ha però cambiato radicalmente

04 May 2023

Storicamente, il dibattito politico sulla convergenza nell’UE si è ravvivato all’indomani di una crisi. Sulla scia della pandemia di COVID-19, lo scopo della relazione è fare il punto sulle tendenze alla convergenza degli ultimi due decenni. Lo studio inizia con un’indagine empirica sulla

22 March 2023

La pandemia di COVID-19 ha avuto effetti diversi sulle categorie sociali, a seconda degli svantaggi esistenti, ed è opinione diffusa che abbia innescato un incremento delle disuguaglianze in diversi ambiti della vita. Utilizzando gli indicatori del quadro di monitoraggio multidimensionale delle

24 January 2023

Online resources results (2)
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Twin transition and pandemic challenge Eurofound to increase expertise, strengthen partnerships, expand reach, says new Director

Eurofound welcomed Ivailo Kalfin to his new role as Executive Director on 1 June. After one month in the job, he reflects on the challenges facing the EU, how they will impact on the work of Eurofound and his priorities for shaping the Agency over the next five years.

Monitoring Convergence in the European Union. Joint Meeting of the Social Protection Committee Indicators Sub-Group and the EMCO Indicators Group, 13 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Presentation by Massimiliano Mascherini, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound.

13 Marzo 2018
Blogs results (7)

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 Dicembre 2023

Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

24 Ottobre 2023
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 Giugno 2022
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When it comes to Europe’s COVID-19 recovery and its aspiration to build back a more resilient society, the so-called green and digital transitions have dominated EU policy discussions. And as Eurofound made preparations for the 2022 Foundation Forum – a unique occasion for high-level debate on the

11 Marzo 2022
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The exponential growth of COVID-19 cases across Europe this autumn has quickly erased hopes that the virus had been contained and confirmed the surge of another wave of the pandemic. With Member States now implementing new restrictive measures for the second time since March in an attempt to control

23 Ottobre 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Maggio 2019
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When EU Heads of State or Government gather in Gothenburg this week to debate fair jobs and growth, it will be the first such ‘social summit’ in 20 years. At the heart of the agenda of this high-level gathering will be the formal proclamation of the European Pillar of Social Rights – 20 principles

14 Novembre 2017
Upcoming publications results (2)

The focus of this report is on the role that human capital plays in determining inequalities across the EU, as well as within Member States. Using Cedefop’s work in this area, the report provides a comparative analysis of national trends in education and lifelong learning, including differences betw

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (2)

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