Pereiti į pagrindinį turinį
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Darbo santykiai ir socialinis dialogas

Darbo santykiai ir socialinis dialogas yra viena iš šešių pagrindinių EUROFOUND 2021–2024 m. darbo programoje numatytų veiklų. EUROFOUND tęs veiklą kaip ES lygmens ekspertinis centras darbo santykių sistemų ir socialinio dialogo raidos stebėjimo ir analizės srityje. EUROFOUND ir toliau rems administracijos ir darbuotojų dialogą, atsižvelgdamas į COVID-19 poveikį ir remdamasis EUROFOUND nacionalinio lygmens korespondentų tinklo sukauptomis žiniomis.

Per ateinančius ketverius metus EUROFOUND pateiks svarbių įžvalgų, susijusių su iššūkiais ES darbo santykių ir socialinio dialogo srityse bei šių sričių ateities perspektyvomis. Sukaupęs ilgametę praktinę patirtį šioje srityje, EUROFOUND nagrinėja pagrindinius pokyčius, kurie daro poveikį darbo santykių dalyviams, procesams ir pagrindiniams rezultatams. Jis lygina nacionalines darbo santykių sistemas, įskaitant nacionaliniu lygmeniu vykstantį socialinį dialogą ir kolektyvines derybas . Remdamasis savo 2020 m. sukurtos „COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch“ duomenų bazės informacija, EUROFOUND stebės vyriausybių, socialinių partnerių ir kitų dalyvių vykdomas politikos iniciatyvas, kuriomis siekiama sušvelninti socialines ir ekonomines krizės pasekmes bei remti atsigavimo pastangas. Bus toliau rengiamos EUROFOUND reguliariai teikiamos ataskaitos apie pokyčius atlyginimo nustatymo, minimalaus darbo užmokesčio ir darbo laiko ;srityje, taip pat apie profesinio gyvenimo rezultatus.

EUROFOUND praktinė patirtis padeda socialiniams partneriams didinti pajėgumus, siekiant veiksmingo socialinio dialogo, taip pat agentūra skatina Europos socialinio dialogo vystymą, vertindama socialinių partnerių organizacijų atstovavimą skirtinguose sektoriuose, taip siekdama įvertinti jų tinkamumą dalyvauti socialinio dialogo komitetuose.

„Esame čia tam, kad remtume administracijos ir darbuotojų dialogą. Ir manau, kad duomenys, kuriuos kartu surenkame, ir tyrimai, kuriuos vykdome , yra svarbūs, jei jie padeda geriau dirbti patiems darbo santykių dalyviams... Tvirtas socialinis dialogas yra vadinamosios socialinės rinkos ekonomikos, kurios siekia Europos Sąjunga, dalis.“

David Foden, darbo santykių konsultantas

 

Topic

Pagrindinės politikos gairės

Infografikas

Vadovaudamiesi pagrindinėmis EUROFOUND tyrimų išvadomis politikos formuotojai sprendžia kai kurias esmines problemas šioje srityje.

  • Socialiniai partneriai per kolektyvines derybas atlieka labai svarbų vaidmenį užtikrinant sąžiningą elgesį su Europos darbuotojais ir stabilią bei patikimą sistemą darbdaviams.
  • Veiksmingomis kolektyvinėmis derybomis užtikrinama, kad įmonių konkurencija skatintų veiklos našumą, o ne dirbančiųjų išnaudojimą įvedant bendras darbo užmokesčio ir darbo sąlygų taisykles.
  • Darbo santykių sistemoms vis didesnę grėsmę kelia visuomenės, darbo rinkų ir darbo organizavimo pokyčiai. Dėl to kilo su valstybių narių darbo santykių sistemų pagrindinių dalyvių pajėgumu susijusių iššūkių.
  • Kalbant apie atlyginimą, tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad septyni iš dešimties darbuotojų, gaunančių minimalųjį darbo užmokestį, vos suduria galą su galu, palyginti su mažiau nei penkiais iš dešimties kitų darbuotojų; tačiau šie skaičiai įvairiose šalyse labai skiriasi. Esant pandeminei situacijai, minimalusis darbo užmokestis gali būti viena iš politikos priemonių, kuriomis siekiama stabilizuoti pajamas ir atitinkamai paklausą, kad būtų išvengta padėties blogėjimo, galinčio lemti ekonomikos nuosmukį arba kainų smukdymą.
  • Europos socialinio dialogo veiksmingumas turi būti skatinamas stiprinant nacionalinio lygmens ryšius, siekiant, kad ES darbotvarkė išliktų aktuali, o ES autonominiai susitarimai būtų tikslingai įgyvendinami nacionaliniu lygmeniu.
  • Nors buvo pasiūlytos kelios bendros su Europos socialiniu dialogu susijusios iniciatyvos, buvo sudaryta nedaug sutarčių. Kai kuriuose sektoriuose reiškiamas susirūpinimas dėl atmestų socialinių partnerių siūlymų įgyvendinti susitarimus pasitelkiant Europos teisės aktus, taip pat dėl nepakankamų ES ir nacionalinio lygmenų ryšių, kuriuos reikia gerinti.
  • Mažėjantis profesinių sąjungų skaičius kelia nerimą daugelyje valstybių narių. Mažiau nei vienoje iš trijų (29 proc.) ES esančių darboviečių (turinčių 10 ar daugiau darbuotojų) veikia tam tikri darbuotojų atstovavimo organai. Teisiniai reikalavimai yra esminė atstovavimo didinimo priemonė.
  • Kolektyvinės derybos išlieka ES darbo santykių sistemų pagrindas. Politikos formuotojai turėtų pasinaudoti COVID-19 krizės padėtimi, siekdami parengti naujas iniciatyvas, kuriomis būtų skatinamos, stiprinamos ir remiamos kolektyvinės derybos.
  • Be socialinių partnerių pastangų, siekiant veiksmingo socialinio dialogo ir tinkamų darbo santykių, taip pat reikia viešųjų lėšų ir valdžios institucijų paramos. Politikos formuotojai turėtų pasidomėti naujomis žinių perdavimo, išteklių teikimo arba bendradarbiavimo su ES ir nacionalinio lygmenų socialiniais partneriais formomis.
  • Siekiant užtikrinti įtraukų ir tvarų vystymąsi ir socialinę pažangą ES, ypač svarbu apsaugoti ir skatinti sąžiningus, tinkamus ir darnius darbo santykius. COVID-19 pandemijai atslūgus, tai taps svarbia politikos formuotojų kryptimi, siekiant socialinių ir ekonominių ES aspektų integravimo, kaip numatyta Europos socialinių teisių ramstyje.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Sausis 2024
Publication
Work programme
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2023 m. metinė minimaliojo darbo užmokesčio peržiūra buvo parengta precedento neturinčios infliacijos visoje Europoje aplinkybėmis. Nors dėl jos daugelyje šalių nominalusis darbo užmokestis stipriai išaugo, daugeliu atvejų to nepakako, kad...

29 Birželis 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (530)

Three years after the adoption of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), this report reviews the quality of the social partners’ involvement in 2023 in the ongoing implementation of reforms and investments funded by that initiative. It also examines the quality of their involvement in the prepa

26 February 2024

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the furniture sector.

08 December 2023

Previous Eurofound research developed three complementary tools to examine the dynamics of industrial relations and compare how national industrial relations systems are faring in terms of quality and change over time.

05 December 2023

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the woodworking sector.

21 November 2023

This study provides information to allow for an assessment of the representativeness of the national and supranational social partners at cross-industry level in the EU.

09 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the professional football sector.

26 October 2023

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Online resources results (1768)

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea
10 Sausis 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound. 2-3 October 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Spanish Presidency, Madrid.

9 Spalis 2023
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Measures to lessen the impact of the inflation and energy crisis on citizens

As governments across the EU continue to implement policies to support citizens and businesses in the face of rising food and energy prices caused by the COVID-19 crisis and intensified by the war in Ukraine, this article summarises the policy responses as reported in Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count


Blogs results (22)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Birželis 2022
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With the arrival of the month of May, the 2022 European Semester Spring Package is anticipated soon. After a transformative year in 2021, which saw the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) under NextGenerationEU, the European Semester cycle has resumed its role as the reference

3 Gegužė 2022
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Birželis 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Birželis 2021
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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 Spalis 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 Balandis 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Sausis 2020
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 Lapkritis 2019
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Lapkritis 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 Liepa 2019

Upcoming publications results (10)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

May 2024

Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2023 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as explored in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2023. This overview also describes how Eurofound's activities connect with the policy prioriti

May 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Sausis 2024
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