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Zatrudnienie i rynki pracy

Zatrudnienie i rynki pracy stanowią jeden z sześciu głównych obszarów działań określonych w programie prac Eurofound na lata 2021–2024. Eurofound będzie kontynuować swoją działalność jako centrum wiedzy specjalistycznej w zakresie monitorowania i analizowania sytuacji na rynkach pracy, w szczególności w odniesieniu do poważnych wyzwań, z jakimi będą się musiały zmierzyć te rynki w wyniku pandemii COVID-19. Gromadzone dane i badania będą dotyczyły głównie konsekwencji pandemii dla warunków pracy i zatrudnienia oraz sposobów na zapewnienie funkcjonowania i inkluzywności rynku pracy.

W latach 2021–2024 badania Eurofound dostarczą istotnej wiedzy na temat wyzwań i perspektyw w obszarze zatrudnienia i rynków pracy UE. Eurofound ma ważną rolę do odegrania w zakresie monitorowania tendencji na rynku pracy oraz monitorowania wpływu tych tendencji na sytuację różnych grup pracowników.

W ogólnym ujęciu badania będą ukierunkowane na zmieniającą się strukturę rynku pracy oraz prowadzone z wykorzystaniem sprawdzonych instrumentów monitorowania Eurofound, Europejskiego Obserwatorium Zatrudnienia (ang. European Jobs Monitor, EJM) i Europejskiego Obserwatorium Restrukturyzacji (ang. European Restructuring Monitor, ERM), jak również w oparciu o dane Eurostatu. W sytuacji wysokiego poziomu bezrobocia, prognozowanego w niektórych krajach, regionach, sektorach i zawodach, które uderzy również w pracowników z najbardziej niepewnym zatrudnieniem i najbardziej narażonych na zagrożenia, instrumenty te pomogą zidentyfikować sektory, zawody i kwalifikacje w fazie wzrostowej lub malejącej. Europejskie Obserwatorium Restrukturyzacji będzie również kontynuować badanie przypadków restrukturyzacji na szeroką skalę, instrumentów prawnych oraz instrumentów wsparcia, jak również środków tworzonych przez partnerów społecznych i władze publiczne w celu wsparcia pracowników zmieniających pracę lub sektor zatrudnienia.

Eurofound skoncentruje się również na problemie niedoboru pracowników oraz niewykorzystanych zasobów ludzkich i zdolności w niektórych sektorach i zawodach, który pogłębił się podczas pandemii COVID-19, poprzez analizowanie interwencji w ramach polityki i praktyk stosowanych przez przedsiębiorstwa. Do poszczególnych zagadnień zaliczać się będą: niedopasowanie umiejętności czas pracy , mobilność zawodowa i geograficzna, integracja migrantów oraz zatrudnienie grup niedostatecznie reprezentowanych na rynku pracy, takich jakosoby młodekobiety i osoby z niepełnosprawnościami . Eurofound ukierunkuje swoje działania również na sektory charakteryzujące się niedoborem pracowników, który staje się coraz bardziej naglącym problemem z powodu pandemii. Wyniki powyższych działań posłużą na etapie prac przygotowawczych nad kolejną edycją europejskiego badania przedsiębiorstw .

Eurofound będzie również kontynuować współpracę w tym obszarze ze Wspólnym Centrum Badawczym (JRC) Komisji Europejskiej. Badania nad restrukturyzacją zostaną wykorzystane na potrzeby działalności Europejskiego Funduszu Dostosowania do Globalizacji (EFG) i Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego Plus (ESF+). Powiązania z siostrzaną agencją Cedefop i Europejskim Urzędem ds. Pracy Zostaną wykorzystane w odniesieniu do umiejętności i mobilności zawodowej w kontekście polityk zatrudnienia ukierunkowanych na zmniejszenie niedoboru pracowników.

„Nadal sześć na dziesięć osób jest zatrudnionych na umowę na czas nieokreślony. Mimo że posiadane przez nas dane dotyczące „niestandardowego zatrudnienia”, tj. na niepełny etat lub na czas określony, tak naprawdę nie zmieniły się przez ostatnie 5-10 lat, to sygnalizują one trend w kierunku bardziej niepewnych form zatrudnienia. Należy przy tym zaznaczyć, że osoby zatrudnione na umowach niegwarantujących pewności zatrudnienia nie mają takiego samego dostępu do ochrony socjalnej i pracowniczej”.

Tina Weber, kierownik ds. badań, Dział Zatrudnienia

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Maj 2024
Publication
Annual report

Kluczowe przesłania polityczne

Infografika

Główne wyniki badań prowadzonych przez Eurofound dostarczają decydentom informacji, które pomagają im reagować na kluczowe kwestie w danym obszarze.

  • Przed pojawieniem się gospodarczych skutków spowodowanych przez COVID-19, pobudzenie na europejskim rynku pracy sprawiło, że wskaźnik zatrudnienia UE był bliski celowi 75% określonemu w strategii „Europa 2020”. Poprzednie kryzysy, mimo niepowtarzalnej specyfiki każdego z nich, pokazały, że utrzymanie przywiązania pracowników do rynku pracy oraz, w miarę możliwości, podnoszenie kwalifikacji, to ważne sposoby zapewnienia szybkiego ożywienia gospodarczego.
  • Wzrost zatrudnienia jest niezmiennie najsłabszy w przypadku pracy za średnie wynagrodzenie – szczególnie podczas recesji – oraz najsilniejszy w przypadku dobrze płatnej pracy.
  • Stabilizacja w przypadku niestandardowego zatrudnienia maskuje wzrost poziomu niepewnego zatrudnienia wśród niektórych grup, przy rosnącej liczbie pracowników zatrudnionych na „umowy innego typu” lub „bez umowy”. Pandemia COVID-19 jeszcze bardziej uwypukla trudną sytuację tych osób, w które kryzys uderzył najmocniej i którym grożą najcięższe skutki w perspektywie długoterminowej.
  • Szersze rozpowszechnienie różnych rodzajów niestandardowego zatrudnienia prowadzi do głębszych podziałów na unijnych rynkach pracy między pracownikami z zagwarantowanym wysokim poziomem ochrony i pracownikami korzystającymi w ograniczonym zakresie z ochrony socjalnej i praw pracowniczych, co przyczynia się do większej segmentacji rynków pracy.Dotyczy to szczególnie rosnącej liczby osób, w przypadku których można mówić o „mieszanym niestandardowym” zatrudnieniu (tj. zatrudnieniu łączącym różne formy niestandardowego zatrudnienia, na przykład na czas nieokreślony i w niepełnym wymiarze czasu pracy, czy połączenie samozatrudnienia i zatrudnienia w niepełnym wymiarze czasu pracy).
  • Wzrost poziomu niepewnego zatrudnienia w ostatnim czasie będzie wymagać rozwiązań politycznych zapewniających wsparcie pracownikom, którzy mają zawężony dostęp do ochrony socjalnej i mniejszą możliwość dochodzenia swoich praw. Wszystkie powyższe kwestie stają się jeszcze bardziej znaczące w kontekście wybuchu pandemii COVID-19, która niesie ze sobą szczególne ryzyko pogorszenia warunków życia w przypadku osób mających niepewne zatrudnienie lub samozatrudnionych.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of employment and labour markets in the EU. Eurofound has an important role to play in monitoring trends in the labour market, as well as monitoring the impact of these trends for different groups of workers.

Research will focus overall on the changing structure of the labour market using Eurofound’s well established monitoring instruments, the European Jobs Monitor (EJM) and the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM), alongside Eurostat data. With high levels of unemployment expected in some countries, regions, sectors and occupations, affecting also the most precarious and vulnerable workers, these instruments will help identify growing and declining sectors, occupations and qualifications. The ERM will also continue to examine large-scale restructuring events, legislative and support instruments, as well as measures developed by social partners and public authorities to assist workers transitioning between jobs or sectors.

Eurofound will also focus on labour shortages and under-utilised human resources and talent in certain sectors and occupations – accentuated during COVID-19 – by exploring policy interventions and company practices. Specific topics will include skills mismatches, working time, geographical or occupational mobility, and the integration of migrants, as well as covering groups underrepresented in the labour market such as young people, women and people with disabilities. Eurofound will also look at sectors traditionally affected by labour shortages, the issue becoming more urgent due to the pandemic. This activity will feed into the preparatory work for the next edition of the European Company Survey (ECS).

Eurofound’s collaboration with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) will also continue in this area. Research on restructuring will contribute to the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) and the European Social Fund+ (ESF+) activities. Links with sister agency Cedefop and the European Labour Authority will be explored as regards skills and labour mobility in the context of employment policies aimed at tackling labour shortages.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to provide knowledge to support structural change, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to help address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of employment and labour market structures.

Specifically, Eurofound collects data and analyses trends in employment and labour market developments, identifying and examining gaps and groups at risk, in order to provide the European Commission and other EU institutions, Member State bodies and social partners with the support needed to devise more effective employment policies.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines 2021–2024, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor and analyse how the EU’s labour market structure is changing, looking at patterns related to employment status, workers’ demographic characteristics, and net job creation and job loss by sector and occupation, particularly in light of the challenges triggered by COVID-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Analysis draws on data from the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) and Eurostat and the work involves ongoing updates to the EJM and ERM databases. 

In 2024, Eurofound publishes the findings of research investigating employment shifts across EU regions, from the pandemic to the recovery. In particular, the research focuses on the gap between urban/capital and rural areas and on patterns of sectoral specialisation which made some regions more exposed or resilient than others. The research investigates the evolution of telework across European regions, including the observed differences in the take up of regional telework. This work builds on the EJM regional analyses and the previous Eurofound/Joint Research Centre analysis on teleworkable jobs.

Eurofound finalises its analysis of the impact of short-time work schemes on retaining employment and securing incomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. One output from this project is a comparative database of the support measures used in the Member States. The research aims to derive policy lessons regarding effective instruments for future crises. 

Complementing earlier research on mapping the incidence of labour shortages and assessing policies to address shortages, Eurofound concludes its analysis of company/organisational practices. Some case studies look specifically at how displaced people from Ukraine have been integrated into the labour market. 

New research in 2024 investigates shifts in the employment structure in the first quarter of the 21st century, examining the pace of change (technological, globalisation/trade-related, demographic) and its impacts on labour markets.

Research begins on measuring job differences in task requirements and their implications for mobility and employment reallocation across the economy. It aims to determine the magnitude and the nature of changes in job tasks following a job move.

Work also commences on exploring wage determinants in the EU, with a specific focus on gender gaps. This research aims to identify correlations between trends in educational attainment and wages by gender, as well as the determinants of any mismatch between wages and education levels by gender.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Styczeń 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (595)

Building on the analysis of national apprenticeship systems in the 2018 Eurofound report Adaptation of national apprenticeship systems to advanced manufacturing, this report summarises the results of 14 case studies of good practice in the manufacturing sector in five EU Member States (Denmark, Fran

28 February 2019

This report explores the potential employment and economic impacts of an EU transition to a low-carbon economy by 2030 – on the EU, and on other regions of the world. It analyses the impacts across sectors and occupations, with a particular focus on manufacturing.The report highlights that the

12 February 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

In the wake of an economic crisis that had a very uneven impact on social outcomes across EU Member States, EU leaders and policymakers have come to acknowledge that to make social Europe a reality, social convergence must be given an equal footing to economic convergence in policymaking. In this

17 December 2018

In the wake of the economic crisis, European leaders and policymakers have recognised that economic and social convergence must go hand in hand if the goals of economic and monetary union are to be achieved. This policy brief provides an updated picture of convergence in employment outcomes across

17 December 2018

This report examines the issues in relation to ‘work on demand’, a topic that has received considerable attention in the media recently, mainly due to its links with the platform economy. Work on demand is often presented as a ‘win–win situation’: workers get to tailor their work according to their

14 December 2018

This report explores the motivations, opportunities and challenges of born globals and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in integrating and managing their global value chains (GVCs). The study also investigates the role of selected policy measures in supporting SME internationalisation, incl

14 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

Apprenticeships combining alternating periods at the workplace and in training institutions are well suited to providing young people with an entry point into the labour market and to supplying enterprises with skilled workers. This report examines apprenticeship systems and practices in the manufac

31 October 2018

Using data from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), carried out in 2015, the ERM report 2018 examines how workplace factors may influence the relationship between restructuring (with job losses) and the outcomes for employees. It also reviews policy and academic research on good

25 October 2018

Online resources results (959)
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Amazon’s expansion in Europe

The U.S. online retail giant Amazon is investing heavily in Europe, creating 11,580 jobs in 2018 alone. As Europe turns towards e-commerce, automation and digitalisation, Amazon will play a key role in reshaping the retail sector. But its impacts are unlikely to be confined to retail alone.

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Lloyds bank’s digital transformation

Lloyds Banking Group is investing £3 billion (€3.35 billion) in technology and staff to improve its digital services. As a result, the Group has announced that it is cutting over 6,000 existing positions while creating 8,000 new jobs oriented towards digital technologies. The move reflects the

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

Slovakia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

An increase in wage supplements, easier access for people from countries outside the EU to join the Slovak labour market and new legislation for social enterprises are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

Czech Republic: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The new government taking office, a new low for the unemployment rate, the end of cheap labour and a call for more foreign workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the Czech Republic in the second quarter of

Young people and long-term unemployed – Remaining challenges in the labour market Informal Meeting of Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) - Employment & Social Policy, 17-18 April 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

17 Kwiecień 2018

Task profiles development in response to future job needs EMCO meeting, 22 March 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria Presentation by Martina Bisello, Research Officer, Eurofound

27 Marzec 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Cyprus: Employment demand forecast to increase 21% in next decade

A study published by the Human Resource Development Authority in Cyprus has forecast an overall increase in employment demand of 21% over the next 10 years (a need for an extra 78,000 workers). The study adds that there is an urgent need for the public authorities and the social partners to promote

Czech Republic: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

New employment strategies to address labour shortages, the post-election political shift in the Chamber of Deputies and an award-winning documentary on working conditions are the main points of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the


Blogs results (56)

Inequalities have become more apparent in many areas: between men and women; between rich and poor; between young and old; and between rural and urban areas. What are the implications of these inequalities across the EU?

2 Maj 2024

‘Building back better’ is not just an empty slogan – we need the construction sector to help us achieve our climate targets. Eurofound research reveals that construction is where the Fit for 55 climate policy package will generate the most net new employment.

4 Grudzień 2023
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The European Commission declared 2023 as the European Year of Skills, stating ‘Helping people get the right skills for quality jobs and helping companies, in particular small and medium enterprises, address skills shortages in the EU is what this year is all about.’

27 Marzec 2023
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'Women belong in all the places where decisions are made', to borrow from the late Ruth Bader Ginsburg. These decisions are made everywhere and at every level: in the home and at the workplace; in the boardroom and on the shop floor. Which is why it is of such serious concern to see the ongoing deep

8 Marzec 2023
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The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising. Yet, in

27 Wrzesień 2022
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Following the declines in employment rates and working hours across Europe in 2020, economies began to show signs of recovery during the first quarter of 2021. The gradual rekindling of economic activity has led to a surge in demand for workers and reawakened concerns over labour shortages

20 Lipiec 2021
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On 9 May, the Conference on the Future of Europe will get underway. Floated well before the COVID-19 outbreak, its timing in the wake of the seismic shifts precipitated by the pandemic, and its implementation alongside the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan, means that the outcomes could

4 Maj 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Kwiecień 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 luty 2021

Upcoming publications results (3)

This report provides updated data on the scale of labour shortages and labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level and focusses on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers in shortage occupations. It provides lessons on steps employers can take to fill vacancies, whether actin

September 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

Job retention schemes were the main policy instruments used across the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve employment and support businesses. The report provides an analysis of job retention schemes in the EU, focusing on their institutional characteristics, their impact on employment levels

September 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024
Data results (3)

The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality – wages, skill levels, etc.

2 Maj 2023

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