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Remuneração e rendimento

A remuneração e o rendimento são elementos fundamentais para as relações de trabalho e a qualidade de vida. Esta questão tem sido alvo de ainda maior atenção a nível da UE devido aos desenvolvimentos induzidos pela crise na economia e na sociedade em geral.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 O Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais estabelece os compromissos da UE em matéria de salários: o direito dos trabalhadores a um salário justo que lhes garanta um nível de vida decente, a garantia de um salário mínimo adequado e a prevenção da pobreza no trabalho.

Trabalho da Eurofound

A Eurofound apresenta regularmente relatórios sobre diversos aspetos das remunerações e dos rendimentos à luz das circunstâncias económicas em mudança na Europa.

Acompanhamento das remunerações

Através do seu Observatório Europeu da Vida Profissional (EurWORK), a Eurofound reúne uma vasta gama de informações sobre remunerações. A natureza regular dos relatórios dá origem a uma grande quantidade de observações sobre remunerações acordadas coletivamente, permitindo o acompanhamento das tendências. A Eurofound publica de forma regular atualizações temáticas relativas a salários mínimos nacionais e a remunerações acordadas coletivamente. Acompanha igualmente os progressos a nível nacional relacionados com mecanismos de fixação de salários, remuneração equitativa, remuneração variável, salários baixos e disparidades de género no que respeita à remuneração.

Os perfis relativos à vida profissional por país contêm informação sobre remuneração a nível nacional e são regularmente atualizados. O EurWORK mantém duas bases de dados no domínio da remuneração (ver recursos, adiante).

O Observatório Europeu do Emprego (EJM) da Eurofound analisa as mudanças de emprego por atividade profissional, em função de diversas medidas qualitativas, incluindo a remuneração. Contribui, em particular, para o nosso conhecimento sobre o fenómeno da polarização do emprego - ou seja, em que medida o crescimento do emprego tende a ser maior no topo e na base da distribuição salarial comparativamente ao meio da mesma.  

Dados do inquérito

Os inquéritos da Eurofound acompanham também as condições de remuneração na UE. A remuneração é um elemento fundamental da investigação da Eurofound para a avaliação da qualidade do trabalho. No Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho (EWCS), a remuneração é um dos sete indicadores da qualidade do emprego. O EWCS elabora ainda relatórios sobre as disparidades de género no que respeita à remuneração. Explore a Ferramenta interativa de visualização de dados do EWCS

O Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida (EQLS) acompanha o impacto do rendimento sobre os padrões de vida e avalia a relação entre a desigualdade de rendimentos e a coesão social e o bem-estar. Analisa a forma como a crise tem afetado as famílias, considerando as famílias de baixo rendimento, o endividamento das famílias e os grupos em risco de pobreza. O EQLS reúne ainda informação sobre os rendimentos na reforma e as opções de prolongamento da vida profissional. Explore a  Ferramenta interativa de visualização de dados do EQLS.

O Inquérito Europeu às Empresas (ECS) abrange a utilização de regimes variáveis de remuneração nos estabelecimentos, bem como a cobertura dos trabalhadores desses estabelecimentos por acordos salariais coletivos. O inquérito permite relacionar a informação sobre remuneração variável e negociação salarial com informação sobre organização do trabalho, gestão de recursos humanos, participação direta dos trabalhadores e diálogo social, bem como sobre o desempenho e o bem-estar no local de trabalho.

Key outputs

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A revisão anual dos salários mínimos para 2023 foi preparada num contexto de inflação sem precedentes em toda a Europa. Embora tal tenha conduzido a aumentos acentuados das taxas salariais...

29 Junho 2023
Publication
Research report
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Este relatório analisa a distribuição da riqueza das famílias nos Estados-Membros da UE e o papel da riqueza na mobilidade social. Utilizando dados de três conjuntos de dados (o Inquérito...

30 Março 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

A revisão anual dos salários mínimos para 2023 foi preparada num contexto de inflação sem precedentes em toda a Europa. Embora tal tenha conduzido a aumentos acentuados das taxas salariais nominais em muitos países, em muitos casos não foi suficiente para manter o poder de compra dos trabalhadores

29 June 2023

A falta de acesso a habitação a preços comportáveis é uma questão de grande preocupação na UE. É um problema que conduz à situação de sem abrigo, à insegurança habitacional, a situações de esforço financeiro e a uma habitação inadequada. Além disso, impede os jovens de saírem das suas casas de

30 May 2023

A pandemia de COVID-19 teve impactos variáveis nos grupos sociais, em função das desvantagens existentes, e é consensual que isso desencadeou um aumento das desigualdades em diferentes domínios da vida. Utilizando indicadores do Quadro de Monitorização das Desigualdades Multidimensionais na UE (MIMF

24 January 2023

O presente relatório é elaborado no contexto do projeto-piloto de três anos (2021-2023) intitulado «Papel do salário mínimo na criação da Garantia Universal do Trabalho», mandatado pela Comissão Europeia à Eurofound. Centra-se no módulo 3 do projeto, analisado a questão dos salários mínimos e outras

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Depois de uma fase prudente de fixação de salários mínimos em 2021, as taxas nominais aumentaram significativamente em 2022, à medida que as consequências da pandemia foram sendo atenuadas e as economias e os mercados de trabalho foram melhorando. Neste contexto, 20 dos 21 Estados-Membros da União

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Romania: New law aims to reduce pay inequality in the public sector

New government legislation to reduce financial inequalities in the public sector will see workers receive considerable wage increases, the introduction of paid overtime and a reduction in the wage gap. However, some employer organisations fear such legislation could see an exodus of workers from the

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

New apprenticeship legislation, an ombudsman’s report on unpaid wages and posted workers, failure of the ‘mini-labour law reform’ and the resulting amendments to a range of labour legislation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Strikes on the railways and in manufacturing, protests over public sector pay, and consultations on changes to social dialogue and labour legislation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Romania in the second

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Mounting pressure to end the 1% pay cap on public sector workers, falling union membership, the ‘gig economy’, and a strike at British Airways are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the United Kingdom in the second

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A strike at Volkswagen Slovakia over pay negotiations and the introduction of stricter conditions for the support given to unemployed workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the second quarter of

Denmark: Private sector collective agreements concluded – despite difficulties

Collective agreements concluded in March in the private sector provided for small wage increases and improvements to education and training. However, many union members voted against an agreement about systematic overtime and measures to avoid social dumping. The deals follow the pace-setting

Spain: Milestone agreement in retail sector

An agreement between social partners in the Spanish retail sector will govern working and employment conditions for the next three years. About 260,000 employees are expected to benefit from this agreement, which is likely to set the standards for other sector agreements due to be negotiated during

Latvia: Impact of austerity measures on the public health sector

Workers in Latvia’s public healthcare sector have protested about the less favourable working conditions in their sector, not just low pay, but also the level of shift work, overtime work and work during public holidays.

Ireland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Agreement on an earlier pay rise for public service staff, strikes at Tesco and Bus Éireann, and proposals on minimum pay and working hours for security guards are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in the

Slovenia: Doctors' agreement could destabilise public sector salary system

After six months of tough negotiations and industrial action by doctors, the government and the doctors’ trade union finally signed a collective agreement in March 2017. Doctors achieved most of their demands, which related to working standards as well as wages. The annual cost of the agreement has


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Maio 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Janeiro 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Agosto 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Junho 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Outubro 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Junho 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Junho 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Abril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Fevereiro 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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