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Remuneração e rendimento

A remuneração e o rendimento são elementos fundamentais para as relações de trabalho e a qualidade de vida. Esta questão tem sido alvo de ainda maior atenção a nível da UE devido aos desenvolvimentos induzidos pela crise na economia e na sociedade em geral.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

 O Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais estabelece os compromissos da UE em matéria de salários: o direito dos trabalhadores a um salário justo que lhes garanta um nível de vida decente, a garantia de um salário mínimo adequado e a prevenção da pobreza no trabalho.

Trabalho da Eurofound

A Eurofound apresenta regularmente relatórios sobre diversos aspetos das remunerações e dos rendimentos à luz das circunstâncias económicas em mudança na Europa.

Acompanhamento das remunerações

Através do seu Observatório Europeu da Vida Profissional (EurWORK), a Eurofound reúne uma vasta gama de informações sobre remunerações. A natureza regular dos relatórios dá origem a uma grande quantidade de observações sobre remunerações acordadas coletivamente, permitindo o acompanhamento das tendências. A Eurofound publica de forma regular atualizações temáticas relativas a salários mínimos nacionais e a remunerações acordadas coletivamente. Acompanha igualmente os progressos a nível nacional relacionados com mecanismos de fixação de salários, remuneração equitativa, remuneração variável, salários baixos e disparidades de género no que respeita à remuneração.

Os perfis relativos à vida profissional por país contêm informação sobre remuneração a nível nacional e são regularmente atualizados. O EurWORK mantém duas bases de dados no domínio da remuneração (ver recursos, adiante).

O Observatório Europeu do Emprego (EJM) da Eurofound analisa as mudanças de emprego por atividade profissional, em função de diversas medidas qualitativas, incluindo a remuneração. Contribui, em particular, para o nosso conhecimento sobre o fenómeno da polarização do emprego - ou seja, em que medida o crescimento do emprego tende a ser maior no topo e na base da distribuição salarial comparativamente ao meio da mesma.  

Dados do inquérito

Os inquéritos da Eurofound acompanham também as condições de remuneração na UE. A remuneração é um elemento fundamental da investigação da Eurofound para a avaliação da qualidade do trabalho. No Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho (EWCS), a remuneração é um dos sete indicadores da qualidade do emprego. O EWCS elabora ainda relatórios sobre as disparidades de género no que respeita à remuneração. Explore a Ferramenta interativa de visualização de dados do EWCS

O Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida (EQLS) acompanha o impacto do rendimento sobre os padrões de vida e avalia a relação entre a desigualdade de rendimentos e a coesão social e o bem-estar. Analisa a forma como a crise tem afetado as famílias, considerando as famílias de baixo rendimento, o endividamento das famílias e os grupos em risco de pobreza. O EQLS reúne ainda informação sobre os rendimentos na reforma e as opções de prolongamento da vida profissional. Explore a  Ferramenta interativa de visualização de dados do EQLS.

O Inquérito Europeu às Empresas (ECS) abrange a utilização de regimes variáveis de remuneração nos estabelecimentos, bem como a cobertura dos trabalhadores desses estabelecimentos por acordos salariais coletivos. O inquérito permite relacionar a informação sobre remuneração variável e negociação salarial com informação sobre organização do trabalho, gestão de recursos humanos, participação direta dos trabalhadores e diálogo social, bem como sobre o desempenho e o bem-estar no local de trabalho.

Key outputs

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A revisão anual dos salários mínimos para 2023 foi preparada num contexto de inflação sem precedentes em toda a Europa. Embora tal tenha conduzido a aumentos acentuados das taxas salariais...

29 Junho 2023
Publication
Research report
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Este relatório analisa a distribuição da riqueza das famílias nos Estados-Membros da UE e o papel da riqueza na mobilidade social. Utilizando dados de três conjuntos de dados (o Inquérito...

30 Março 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

A revisão anual dos salários mínimos para 2023 foi preparada num contexto de inflação sem precedentes em toda a Europa. Embora tal tenha conduzido a aumentos acentuados das taxas salariais nominais em muitos países, em muitos casos não foi suficiente para manter o poder de compra dos trabalhadores

29 June 2023

A falta de acesso a habitação a preços comportáveis é uma questão de grande preocupação na UE. É um problema que conduz à situação de sem abrigo, à insegurança habitacional, a situações de esforço financeiro e a uma habitação inadequada. Além disso, impede os jovens de saírem das suas casas de

30 May 2023

A pandemia de COVID-19 teve impactos variáveis nos grupos sociais, em função das desvantagens existentes, e é consensual que isso desencadeou um aumento das desigualdades em diferentes domínios da vida. Utilizando indicadores do Quadro de Monitorização das Desigualdades Multidimensionais na UE (MIMF

24 January 2023

O presente relatório é elaborado no contexto do projeto-piloto de três anos (2021-2023) intitulado «Papel do salário mínimo na criação da Garantia Universal do Trabalho», mandatado pela Comissão Europeia à Eurofound. Centra-se no módulo 3 do projeto, analisado a questão dos salários mínimos e outras

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Depois de uma fase prudente de fixação de salários mínimos em 2021, as taxas nominais aumentaram significativamente em 2022, à medida que as consequências da pandemia foram sendo atenuadas e as economias e os mercados de trabalho foram melhorando. Neste contexto, 20 dos 21 Estados-Membros da União

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Personnel changes and new proposals at federal level, the integration of refugees, entitlements to education and child support, and the results of collective bargaining are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Austria

Slovenia: Police end a six-month strike following agreement

A six-month strike by police officers was suspended in June. The agreement between the government and police unions gives pay rises to police officers amounting to between 8% and 20% by 2018. However, it has struck a blow to unity of the public sector wage system.

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Rising unemployment, the biennial renegotiation of nationwide collective agreements and proposed changes to legislation on temporary layoffs, working time and whistle-blowing are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Portugal: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The re-introduction of four holidays and the 35-hour week in the public sector; as well as job precariousness and unemployment, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Portugal in the first quarter of 2016.

Cyprus: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Presidential intervention to prevent a doctors’ strike, a dispute about renewal of collective agreements for airport ground staff and social outcry over women’s exclusion from the National Guard are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Opposition to new measures to reduce public sector wage inequality, a fresh start for the Social and Economic Council, and new measures to reconcile family and working life are the main topics of interest of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in Romanian working

Greece: The third memorandum’s plans for public administration

The third Memorandum of Understanding for Greece came into force from January 2016, which sets out measures that the government will have to implement before the end of 2018. These include tax policy reform, a more sustainable pension system, and improved management of health sector finances.

Slovenia: Seventh public sector pay agreement signed

The Slovenian government and public sector trade unions have agreed seven public sector pay agreements since the start of the economic crisis in 2008 in an effort to protect public sector employment by limiting the wage bill. Despite good economic growth in 2015, the seventh agreement, signed in

Hungary: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Industrial action and protests in various sectors, wage bargaining in the competitive sector, difficult bargaining at company level, and a European Court of Justice ruling on Hungary’s cafeteria regulations are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Norway: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Rising unemployment, the start of the biannual collective bargaining round, a report from the expert committee on working time, and a new report focusing on young workers and sustainable work life are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 Novembro 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Janeiro 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 Julho 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 Abril 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 Fevereiro 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 Junho 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 Fevereiro 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 Novembro 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 Junho 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 Março 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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