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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Syftet med denna rapport är att bedöma covid-19-krisens inledande effekter på sysselsättningen i Europa (fram till andra kvartalet 2020), inklusive dess konsekvenser för olika

11 March 2021

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

22 November 2018

Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

22 October 2018

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women’s career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their

02 October 2018

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Online resources results (152)

Low degree of working time flexibility

In June 2004, the National Statistical Institute (NSI [1]) carried out an ad hoc labour market survey as part of the harmonised EU programme for business and consumer surveys. The survey was conducted in the industry, retail trade and services sectors. Employers in 3,131 enterprises were interviewed

Union calls for equal rights for temporary agency workers

The Trades Union Congress (TUC [1]) report Agency Workers – Counting the cost of flexibility (288Kb PDF) [2] takes data from the nationally representative Labour Force Survey (LFS, Summer 2006) of 60,000 private household addresses in the UK. It supplements them with case study data from the

School-to-work transition of young people

In October 2006, the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) published a report (876Kb PDF) [2] on how young people in Malta deal with the transition from school to employment. The report is based on several sources, including a survey carried out among 497 young people who have undergone the

Low participation of women in the labour market

The Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (MIGS [1]) was founded in 2001 as a non-profit organisation and is affiliated to Intercollege, one of the main private higher education institutions in the Republic of Cyprus. In its Shadow Report 2006 [2] for the Convention on the elimination of all

Increase in flexible forms of work

Employers as well as experts often claim that the Slovenian labour market and employment relations are rather rigid, with the majority of workers in relatively secure full-time, permanent (open-ended) employment. According to Labour Force Survey data for the second quarter of 2006, 90.7% of employed

More people working and fewer accidents at work

Compared with 2004, the number of economically active persons in Poland increased by 321,000 workers in 2005, amounting to an overall workforce of 14.1 million people. Looking at the gender distribution of the workforce, men account for 55.3% of the total. The number of unemployed persons, meanwhile

Factors influencing type of employment contract

The annual Living in Luxembourg socioeconomic panel (/Panel Socio-Économique Liewen zu Lëtzebuerg/, PSELL-3) survey has revealed that some 89% of employees resident in Luxembourg work on an open-ended employment contract (see below for further details about the survey). This high proportion of open

Unpaid work prevalent in agricultural sector

In addition to the traditional categories of employee, employer and self-employed person, the structure of employment according to occupational status includes unpaid family workers. The Household Labour Force Survey (/Ancheta forţei de muncă în gospodării/, AMIGO), conducted annually by the

Impact of job control and demands on temporary and permanent workers

The recent increase in temporary employment has provided an opportunity to re-evaluate well-established stress models. Models that proved to be predictive among permanent workers are being retested among temporary workers, that is, employees who hold dependent jobs of limited duration, as in the

Work and employment in the creative industries

The study carried out by Joanneum Research [1] and FORBA [2] investigated areas such as working conditions, career paths and strategies for coping with work pressure. [1] http://www.joanneum.at [2] http://www.forba.at


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februari 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 maj 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 april 2020

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