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Lön och inkomst

Lön och inkomst har en avgörande betydelse för anställningsförhållanden och livskvalitet. Frågan har fått ännu mer uppmärksamhet på EU-nivå på grund av krisens ekonomiska följder, och i samhället överlag.

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Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter anger EU:s åtaganden när det gäller löner: arbetstagarnas rätt till rättvisa löner som tillåter en skälig levnadsstandard; tillräckliga minimilöner; motverka fattigdom bland förvärvsarbetande.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound rapporterar regelbundet om olika aspekter gällande lön och inkomst mot bakgrund av de skiftande ekonomiska omständigheterna runt om i Europa.

Löneövervakning

Genom sitt europeiska centrum för övervakning av arbetslivet (EurWORK) sammanställer Eurofound en mängd information om löner. Den regelbundna rapporteringen genererar en längre serie observationer om lön enligt kollektivavtal, så att trender kan övervakas. Eurofound publicerar regelbundet uppdateringar om lagstadgad minimilön och lön enligt kollektivavtal. Eurofound övervakar även utvecklingen på nationell nivå när det gäller lönesättningsmekanismer, lika lön, rörlig lön, låg lön och lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män.

De arbetslivsrelaterade landsprofilerna innehåller information om löner på nationell nivå och uppdateras regelbundet. EurWORK sköter två databaser med löneuppgifter (se resurserna nedan).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) bedömer förändringar i sysselsättningen per jobb, enligt flera olika kvalitativa mätningar, bland annat lön. Övervakningsfunktionen bidrar i synnerhet till vår kunskap om fenomenet sysselsättningspolarisering – alltså att sysselsättningstillväxten sannolikt är större högst upp och längst ner i lönefördelningen än i mitten.

Data från undersökningar

I Eurofounds undersökningar övervakas också lönevillkoren inom EU. Lön är avgörande för Eurofounds forskning om att bedöma kvalitet i arbetet. I den europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) är inkomst en av sju indikatorer på kvalitet i arbetet. I EWCS rapporterar man också om lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män. Utforska EWCS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

I undersökningen av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) övervakas hur inkomst påverkar levnadsstandarden och hur inkomstskillnader har en koppling till social sammanhållning och välmående. I undersökningen analyseras det hur krisen har påverkat familjer, genom att titta på låginkomstfamiljer, hushållsskuld och grupper som riskerar att drabbas av fattigdom. I EQLS samlas även information om inkomst vid pension och alternativ för att förlänga arbetslivet. Utforska EQLS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

Europeiska företagsundersökningen (ECS) behandlar användningen av system med rörlig lön vid företag, liksom andelen anställda vid dessa företag vars lön styrs av kollektivavtal. Undersökningen gör det möjligt att koppla ihop informationen om rörlig lön och löneförhandlingar med information om arbetsorganisation, personalförvaltning, direkt deltagande av anställda och social dialog, samt med resultat och välmående på arbetsplatsen.

Key outputs

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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Den här rapporten innehåller en undersökning av fördelningen av hushållsförmögenheten i EU:s medlemsstater och en analys av förmögenhetens roll för den sociala rörligheten. Rapporten bygger på data från tre datauppsättningar...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i många länder var det i många fall inte tillräckligt för att upprätthålla arbetstagarnas köpkraft. På grundval av

29 June 2023

Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när det gäller att flytta hemifrån. Dessa problem påverkar människors hälsa och

30 May 2023

Covid-19-pandemin fick olika konsekvenser för olika samhällsgrupper, beroende på befintliga skillnader i förutsättningar, och det har allmänt ansetts att den ledde till att ojämlikheten ökade på olika områden i livet. Med hjälp av indikatorer från EU:s ram för övervakning av flerdimensionella

24 January 2023

Denna rapport genomförs inom ramen för det treåriga pilotprojektet (2021–2023) ”Minimilönens roll vid inrättandet av en allmän arbetsgaranti” som Europeiska kommissionen har gett Eurofound i uppdrag att genomföra. Fokus ligger på modul 3 i projektet, där man undersöker minimilöner och andra

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Efter att återhållsamhet iakttagits vid förhandlingarna om minimilöner för 2021 ökade de nominella minimilönerna för 2022 markant i takt med att de negativa följderna av pandemin minskade och ekonomin och arbetsmarknadssituationen förbättrades. I samband med detta höjdes minimilönerna i 20 av de 21

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Social partners agree three-year national programme

The primary objectives of Partnership 2000 (P2000) are: " the continued development of an efficient modern economy capable of high and sustainable economic and employment growth and operating within the constraints of international competitiveness, ensuring that Irish society becomes more inclusive

Article

Job security agreement at Blue Circle

In January 1997, the cement company, Blue Circle (BCC), and two of Britain's largest trade unions, the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) and the General Municipal and Boilermakers Union (GMB), agreed what has been described as a "ground breaking" deal which gives a guarantee of job security

Public sector pay policies

Three independent pay review bodies were created more than 25 years ago in what has been described as an attempt "to remove a range of highly sensitive settlements from the political arena" (P Bassett, /The Times,/ 7 February 1997). They recommended pay increases for doctors and dentists, the most

Low wages in a high-wage economy

Compared to many other western industrialised countries, Germany has the image of being a high-wage economy with a relatively low inequality of incomes and living standards. This is mainly the result of the German system of branch-level central collective bargaining (Flächentarifvertrag), where

Apparent breakdown of Belgian central bargaining

For the first time since 1960, the Belgian social partners have failed to reach an intersectoral pay agreement and have instead accepted government imposition of measures on employment and maximum pay increases. This development runs counter to all traditions of free collective bargaining and the

Bargaining in 1996 - from the Employment Alliance to the sick pay dispute

The Institute for Economics and Social Science (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, WSI) has recently published its annual examination of the previous collective bargaining round. It paints a rather mixed picture of 1996, a year in which collective bargaining was overshadowed by

Proposal to exempt long-term unemployed people from legal minimum wage

The Dutch Government wants to allow employers temporary exemptions from the legal minimum wage [1] (WML- wettelijk minimumloon), and to that end, a bill was submitted to Parliament in 1996. The target group consists of long-term unemployed people aged between 20 and 65. The purpose of the bill is to

Metalworking collective agreement signed after nine months of negotiations

On 4 February, following a mediation proposal by the Government, the national metalworking collective agreement was signed. Negotiations had lasted for nine months and were marked by moments of breakdown and conflict which resulted in strikes. The metalworking settlement, which covers some 1.5


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 maj 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augusti 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 februari 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.