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Εργασιακές σχέσεις

Εργατικά συνδικάτα, οργανώσεις εργοδοτών και δημόσιες αρχές διαδραματίζουν ο καθένας τον ρόλο του όσον αφορά το πλαίσιο που διέπει τις σχέσεις απασχόλησης. Αποτελούν όλοι αλληλεξαρτώμενα μέρη ενός συστήματος το οποίο λειτουργεί σε ευρωπαϊκό, εθνικό, κλαδικό, περιφερειακό και επιχειρησιακό επίπεδο. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, με την εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας και των μορφών εργασίας μέσα σε ένα συνεχώς μεταβαλλόμενο οικονομικό περιβάλλον, τα συστήματα των εργασιακών σχέσεων έχουν αντιμετωπίσει σημαντικές προκλήσεις.

Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή εγκαινίασε το 2015 μια «νέα αρχή» για τον ευρωπαϊκό κοινωνικό διάλογο. Σε κοινή τους δήλωση τον Ιούνιο του 2016, η Επιτροπή, το Συμβούλιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και οι κοινωνικοί εταίροι υπογράμμισαν τον θεμελιώδη ρόλο του Eurofound στη χάραξη των πολιτικών της ΕΕ για την απασχόληση και τα κοινωνικά θέματα.

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EU context

Το έργο του Eurofound

Επί 40 και πλέον χρόνια, το Eurofound έχει αναπτυχθεί ως βασικό κέντρο εμπειρογνωμοσύνης για την παρακολούθηση και ανάλυση των τάσεων στις εργασιακές σχέσεις. Μελετά επίσης τη διασύνδεση των ευρωπαϊκών με τις εθνικές προσπάθειες κοινωνικού διαλόγου. Με βάση τα στοιχεία που του παρέχει το δίκτυο ευρωπαίων ανταποκριτών στα 28 κράτη μέλη της ΕΕ και τη Νορβηγία, ο Οργανισμός παρακολούθησε συνολικά τις εξελίξεις τόσο σε επίπεδο κρατών μελών όσο και σε επίπεδο ΕΕ. 

Βασικές συνεισφορές

Το Eurofound έχει εκπονήσει διάφορες συγκριτικές αναλύσεις, άρθρα και μελέτες περιπτώσεων σε ολόκληρη την ΕΕ των 28 και στη Νορβηγία στον τομέα των εργασιακών σχέσεων, καθώς και βάσεις δεδομένων για συναφή θέματα, οι οποίες ενημερώνονται τακτικά.

Πρόσφατη μελέτη αποτυπώνει και εξετάζει βασικές παραμέτρους και δείκτες που σχετίζονται με τα συστήματα εργασιακών σχέσεων στην Ευρώπη του 21ου αιώνα. Άλλες έρευνες εξετάζουν τον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι κοινωνικοί εταίροι στην ΕΕ και στη Νορβηγία έχουν διερευνήσει νέα θέματα, εργαλεία και καινοτόμες προσεγγίσεις ώστε να ανταποκριθούν στις πολυάριθμες νέες πολιτικές, νομικές και κοινωνικές προκλήσεις που εμφανίστηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια.

Οι αποδοχές και ο χρόνος εργασίας εξακολουθούν να αποτελούν τομείς αυξημένου ενδιαφέροντος και επανεξετάζονται σε ετήσια βάση. Ένα σκέλος της πρόσφατης επικαιροποίησης των στοιχείων σχετικά με τις αποδοχές επικεντρώνεται στο ύψος του νόμιμου κατώτατου μισθού στα κράτη μέλη της ΕΕ, ενώ ένα άλλο στις συλλογικές μισθολογικές διαπραγματεύσεις.

Από το 2006 το Eurofound διενεργεί μελέτες σχετικά με την αντιπροσωπευτικότητα των ευρωπαϊκών τομεακών οργανώσεων κοινωνικών εταίρων, κατ' εντολή της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής.

Πόροι

Εκθέσεις σχετικά με τις εξελίξεις όσον αφορά τον εργασιακό βίο

Το Eurofound παρέχει συστηματικά και συγκρίσιμα δεδομένα σχετικά με τα εθνικά συστήματα εργασιακών σχέσεων και τις εξελίξεις όσον αφορά τον εργασιακό βίο, μέσω εργαλείων παρακολούθησης και υποβολής εκθέσεων με βάση τα στοιχεία που υποβάλλονται από το δίκτυο ευρωπαίων ανταποκριτών από τα 28 κράτη μέλη και τη Νορβηγία.

Key outputs

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Η ετήσια επισκόπηση των κατώτατων μισθών για το 2023 εκπονήθηκε σε περιβάλλον πρωτοφανούς πληθωρισμού σε ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη. Παρότι αυτό οδήγησε σε σημαντικές αυξήσεις των ονομαστικών μισθών σε πολλές χώρες...

29 Ιούνιος 2023
Publication
Research report
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Η έκθεση αναλύει τις πρόσφατες εξελίξεις και τις αναδυόμενες πρακτικές στις διαδικασίες και τα αποτελέσματα των συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων, κυρίως στον ιδιωτικό τομέα. Εξετάζει τα συστήματα συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων σε 10 κράτη...

31 Αύγουστος 2022
Publication
Research report
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Ως μέρος της εντολής του να προάγει τον διάλογο μεταξύ των κοινωνικών εταίρων, το Eurofound παρακολούθησε και ανέλυσε τις εξελίξεις στα συστήματα εργασιακών σχέσεων σε επίπεδο ΕΕ και στα κράτη...

11 Δεκέμβριος 2020
Publication
Flagship report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Social dialogue in companies, particularly linkages that can be drawn between national and EU level, to better understand of cooperation mechanisms used in decision-making and implementation in multinational companies
    • Exploration of the role of national social partners in the European semester and analysis of quality and effectiveness of their involvement
    • Summary of discussions on capacity-building social dialogue to support a meaningful and effective social dialogue
    • A flagship report on industrial relations covering topics related to both social dialogue and working life developments, including updates on collectively agreed pay
    • Representativeness studies on a variety of sectors to provide the European Commission required information to assess the representativeness of European sectoral social partner organisations
    • Highlights of recent developments of selected features of working life in so called topical updates, with one featuring statutory minimum wages
    • Updated time series in EurWORK database of wages, working time and collective disputes
    • Updated time series and update on developments in collectively agreed pay
    • Exploring the feasibility for an Industrial Action Monitor

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and focuses on comparative industrial relations, social dialogue and collective bargaining...

    Research manager,
    Working life research unit
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    Victoria Cojocariu is a research support officer for the representativeness studies in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. She is responsible for the management of the research...

    Research support officer,
    Working life research unit
    Publications results (516)

    This study examines the interaction between social dialogue practices and human resources management (HRM) policies in European multinational companies (MNCs). It looks at the changing role of HRM and its interaction with European Works Councils (EWCs), which can act as a link between different

    16 June 2020

    This report investigates the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in designing and implementing reforms and policies in the context of the European Semester 2018–2019 and in the elaboration of the National Reform Programmes. As previously reported by Eurofound, there is a positive

    09 June 2020

    Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2019 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as explored in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2019. The range of topics as a result is broad, from the growing diversity of employment

    08 June 2020

    This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

    04 June 2020

    The debate about the posting of workers in the EU, its economic and social consequences, and ways to manage it is hampered by the fact that reliable, comparable data on the phenomenon are lacking. Accurate statistics on the number of posted workers, their characteristics and working conditions are s

    20 January 2020

    Female entrepreneurs represent just a small proportion of the total number of entrepreneurs in the European Union today. Some of the hurdles facing female entrepreneurs – or would-be entrepreneurs – are related to getting adequate funding, access to the right networks, and finding the right

    19 December 2019

    European sectoral social dialogue plays an important role in promoting dialogue between the social partners in industrial sectors at European level. There are currently 43 European sectoral social dialogue committees that bring together the social partners from the EU Member States – representatives

    06 December 2019

    This study provides information to allow for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the industrial cleaning sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

    21 November 2019

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the ICT and telecommunications sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and

    05 November 2019

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the private security sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

    05 November 2019

    Online resources results (1688)

    Norway: Equal treatment of temporary agency workers

    An evaluation of the implementation of Norwegian regulations transposing the directive on temporary agency work concluded that the ‘equal treatment’ principle had led to more equality, in practice, but that challenges remained in smaller temporary work agencies and where agencies were hiring out

    Greece: Public opinion and social dialogue on labour market reforms

    Ahead of further negotiations on the terms of the Greek bailout, two recent surveys are directly linked to the issues under negotiation and reflect the views of public opinion. The government has also organised tripartite meetings with social partners in an attempt to seek mutually acceptable

    Czech Republic: Paternity leave set to be introduced in early 2017

    Proposed paternity leave legislation is currently under debate in Parliament and is likely to be implemented in the Czech Republic in the spring of 2017.

    Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

    Changes to labour market laws to make it easier to hire workers (especially ICT specialists) and a focus on ways to reduce the gender pay gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the second quarter of

    Finland: Tripartite Competitiveness Pact signed

    The ‘Competitiveness Pact’, a tripartite labour market agreement, was signed in June 2016 after over a year of difficult negotiations. The Pact involves a nationally and internationally exceptional deterioration of workers’ terms and conditions. The negotiation process had disruptive repercussions

    Norway: New legislation on temporary layoffs

    New regulations on temporary layoffs have been introduced by the Norwegian Government at the request of the social partners. The new legislation extends the maximum duration of temporary layoffs, aiming to avoid unnecessary direct layoffs in a time of rising unemployment.

    Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

    A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.

    Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

    Collective agreements in the metal industry, the settlement of a dispute in a transport company, a new law on posting of workers and figures on workplace accidents are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in

    Belgium: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

    Strikes over the government’s austerity measures, agreements providing better conditions for prison guards and more stability for temporary workers, and the end of the ‘wage index jump’ are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

    Germany: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

    The strong stability of industrial relations in the face of controversy over migration policies, the rise of right-wing populist campaigns and responses to the vote on Brexit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in


    Blogs results (18)
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    Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

    15 Ιούνιος 2022
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    In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

    28 Οκτώβριος 2020
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    The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

    1 Απρίλιος 2020
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    As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

    15 Ιανουάριος 2020
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    Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

    20 Νοέμβριος 2019
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    The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

    12 Νοέμβριος 2019
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    The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

    17 Ιούλιος 2019
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    The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

    30 Μάιος 2019
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    Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

    17 Απρίλιος 2019
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    In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

    1 Μάιος 2018

    Upcoming publications results (9)

    This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

    March 2025

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

    November 2024

    This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

    June 2024

    The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

    June 2024

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