Subjektiivne heaolu
Subjektiivne heaolu viitab sellele, kuidas inimesed tajuvad oma elukvaliteeti. Kodanike heaolu edendamine on ELi peamine eesmärk ja see on viimasel kümnendil saavutanud sotsiaalpoliitika tegevuskavas olulise koha. See hõlmab tervise erinevusi või ebavõrdsust.
Leia selle teema kohta uusim sisu allpool.
The roots of Europe's mental health crisis run deep
This article looks at the trends, the groups at risk, the services and policies in the area of mental health. The European Commission’s communication on a comprehensive approach to mental health, adopted in June 2023, aims to place mental health on an equal footing with physical health and ensure a new, cross-sectoral approach to mental health issues. But, solutions must be sought not only narrowly within mental health care, but also in improving living and working conditions and facilitating social and economic inclusion.Quality of life in the EU in 2024: Results from the Living and Working in the EU e-survey
Eurofound’s e-survey captures the situation of European respondents and their post-pandemic concerns. This factsheet outlines the most recent data on the main challenges faced by Europeans, with a particular emphasis on the rising cost of living, health and mental health, access to healthcare services, work–life balance, and changes in telework opportunities. View the publication or read the findings in digital format via the related content.
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuring
Eurofoundi Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringul on ainulaadselt suur subjektiivse heaolu näitajate kogum (2016. aasta uuringus 26 näitajat). Üldise subjektiivse heaolu kajastamiseks on tavaliselt kaasatud kaks globaalset mõõdikut:
eluga rahulolu, mis võimaldab inimestel anda oma elule üldise hinnangu
üldist õnnelikkust, mis võimaldab inimestel anda emotsionaalsema hinnangu sellele, kuidas nad end tunnevad
Heaolu näitajad
Eurofound käivitas oma esimese Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu 2003. aastal, neljanda uuringu lõpule viidi 2016. aastal. Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus kasutatav kontseptuaalne raamistik on üldiselt kooskõlas OECD suunistega. See käsitleb subjektiivset heaolu kolme näitajate rühma abil:
Hindav heaolu – eluga rahulolu ja rahulolu eluvaldkondadega
positiivne ja negatiivne mõju – õnn, elujõud, rahulikkus, rõõmsameelsus, depressioon
eudaimooniline heaolu – optimism, autonoomia, eesmärgitunne, elu nautimise aeg ja vastupidavus
EQLS-i tulemused näitavad, et eluga rahulolu ja õnnelikkuse kõige tugevamad määrajad on eesmärgitunne, millele järgneb optimism oma tuleviku ja iseseisvuse suhtes.
Tervis on veel üks heaolu oluline tegur. Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu andmed heidavad valgust muutustele ELi elanikkonna kui terviku ja eriti murettekitavate rühmade tervises. Vaimse tervise ja heaolu osas esitab Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus mitu küsimust, mida saab kasutada WHO vaimse heaolu indeksi (WHO-5) koostamiseks.
2016. aasta Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuring sisaldas kahte täiendavat punkti, mis mõõdavad vastupanuvõimet, et kajastada tajutavat suutlikkust probleemidega toime tulla ja aega, mis kulub taastumiseks. Tajutav vastupidavus korreleerub positiivselt vaimse heaolu muutujatega.
Euroopa Liidu lepingu artiklis 3 on rõhutatud, kui oluline on, et EL edendaks oma rahvaste heaolu ja töötaks Euroopa säästva arengu nimel. Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sambas korratakse seda eesmärki ja rõhutatakse, et tugeva sotsiaalse Euroopa eesmärk on seada kesksele kohale inimesed ja nende heaolu. Hea tervis ja heaolu on ka üks ÜRO 17 säästva arengu eesmärgist.
Kaasaegse ühiskonna keerukuse kajastamiseks on Euroopa Komisjoni algatuse "SKP ületamine" eesmärk mõõta edusamme, tõelist jõukust ja heaolu, töötades välja näitajad, mis täiendavad SKP näitajaid, kuid hõlmavad rohkem edusammude keskkonna- ja sotsiaalseid aspekte. Lisaks pakuvad Eurostati elukvaliteedi näitajad värsket statistikat elukvaliteedi eri mõõtmete kohta ELis, täiendades ka traditsiooniliselt kasutatavat SKP näitajat.
Maailma Terviseorganisatsiooni vaimse tervise ja heaolu Euroopa tegevusraamistik aastateks 2021–2025, mida kaasrahastab komisjon, toetab ELi liikmesriike oma poliitika läbivaatamisel ja kogemuste jagamisel poliitika tõhususe ja tulemuslikkuse parandamisel.
Globaalses kontekstis on Majanduskoostöö ja Arengu Organisatsioon (OECD) koostanud suunised subjektiivse heaolu näitajate kogumiseks ja kasutamiseks.
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste samba tegevuskavaopens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: Alternatiivsed edusammud SKPst kaugemale opens in new tab
Eurostat: Elukvaliteedi näitajadopens in new tab ja subjektiivne heaolu – statistikaopens in new tab
OECD: OECD suunised subjektiivse heaolu mõõtmiseksopens in new tab
See on valik kõige olulisematest tulemustest selle teema kohta.
21 May 2024
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
7 December 2022
Living, working and COVID-19 in the European Union and 10 EU neighbouring countries
The Living, working and COVID-19 survey, first launched by Eurofound in early 2020, aims to capture the wide-ranging impact of the pandemic on the work and lives of EU citizens. The fifth round of the Eurofound survey, which was implemented in spring 2022, also sheds light on a new uncertain reality caused by the war in Ukraine, record-high inflation and sharp rises in the cost of living. As a pilot survey, a shorter version of the questionnaire was fielded by the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 10 European Union (EU) neighbouring countries. This joint Eurofound-ETF factsheet presents a selection of results from the survey covering both the EU-27 and the 10 selected EU neighbouring countries.
The results reveal at least one clear commonality across respondents from all countries: serious concerns about the rising cost of living. At the same time, the results point to a large divergence in living and working conditions between respondents in the two groups of countries, but also show large differences within the EU itself and amongst the selected EU neighbouring countries.
28 January 2022
COVID-19 and older people: Impact on their lives, support and care
This report captures the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the quality of life of older citizens, including the impact on their well-being, finances, employment and social inclusion. It explores the effects on the use of care services and older people’s reliance on other support. The report presents policy measures that have been implemented in EU Member States to support older people along all of the above-mentioned dimensions. These include measures to support independent living and schemes to support the labour market integration of older people or to prevent unemployment, all of which play a role in the quality of life of older citizens.
9 November 2021
Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecurity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
27 January 2020
What makes capital cities the best places to live?
Quality of life data show that in most countries, the capital city has advantages compared to the regions outside the capital. In light of the continued growth of capital city populations and the concentration of resources within them, this policy brief explores the source of the advantages of capital cities in quality of life. Are these advantages mostly related to specific demographics that these cities nurture and attract? Or do these advantages stem from opportunities that major cities provide due to their scale and economic growth?
The policy brief aims to clarify why policy should focus on both the economy and society when it comes to advancing economic, social and territorial cohesion.
19 December 2019
Household composition and well-being
Demographic change, social progress and economic cycles have impacted household composition in Europe. This report provides an overview of household types in the European Union, how they have changed over the period 2007–2017 and how household type relates to outcomes in terms of living conditions and well-being – such as life satisfaction, the feeling of social exclusion and mental well-being. Changes in household structure have a potential impact on demand for public services and social benefits. The report also discusses the policy implications of changing household composition and recent policies responding to the increasing diversity of households. The report underlines the importance of recognition of diverse family forms, of the provision of social support, and of family policy measures complementing income support in reducing inequality of well-being among households.
12 November 2018
Social cohesion and well-being in Europe
This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of different social groups. The analysis looks at how perceived levels of societal tensions have changed in European societies over time (2003–2016). It also examines which dimensions of social cohesion are most important for individual well-being. The report is based on data from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey 2016, the fourth survey since 2003.
Eurofoundi teadlased pakuvad asjatundlikke teadmisi ja nendega saab ühendust võtta küsimuste või meediapäringute korral.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerEszter Sandor on Eurofoundi sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse vanemuuringute juht. Tal on teadmised uuringumetoodika ja statistilise analüüsi alal, ta on töötanud Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringu ja viimati e-uuringu "Elamine, töötamine ja COVID-19" ettevalmistamisel ja haldamisel ning vastutab andmekogumite kvaliteedi eest. Tema uurimisvaldkonnad on noorte heaolu ja elukvaliteet leibkondades ja peredes, sealhulgas subjektiivne heaolu, töö- ja eraelu tasakaal ning elutingimused. Ta on varem töötanud Šotimaal majanduskonsultandina, keskendudes majandusliku mõju hindamisele, hindamisele ning sisend-väljundi analüüsile. Tal on magistrikraad majanduses ja rahvusvahelistes suhetes Budapesti Corvinuse Ülikoolist.
See osa annab juurdepääsu kogu sisule, mis on selle teema kohta avaldatud.
