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Stosunki pracy i dialog społeczny

Stosunki pracy i dialog społeczny to jeden z sześciu głównych obszarów ujętych w programie prac Eurofound na lata 2021-2024. Eurofound będzie nadal stanowić centrum wiedzy wspierające monitorowanie i analizę zmian w systemie stosunków pracy oraz dialogu społecznym na poziomie krajowym i unijnym. Poza tym Eurofound będzie nadal wspierać dialog między kierownictwem a pracownikami, w tym w świetle konsekwencji sytuacji związanej z COVID-19, korzystając z wiedzy specjalistycznej uzyskanej od sieci korespondentów Eurofound na poziomie krajowym.

Celem Eurofound na najbliższe cztery lata jest uzyskanie wglądu w wyzwania i perspektywy w obszarze stosunków pracy oraz dialogu społecznego w UE. Dzięki gromadzonym od dawna zasobom wiedzy specjalistycznej Eurofound może analizować główne zmiany mające wpływ na podmioty i procesy w obszarze stosunków pracy oraz ich kluczowe rezultaty. Eurofound porównuje funkcjonowanie systemów stosunków pracy, w tym dialogu społecznego i rokowań zbiorowych , w różnych krajach. Eurofound będzie monitorować inicjatywy podejmowane przez rządy, partnerów społecznych oraz inne podmioty w celu złagodzenia społecznych i gospodarczych konsekwencji kryzysu, a także zapewniać wsparcie działań na rzecz odbudowy, wykorzystując w tym celu swoją bazę danych COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch utworzoną w 2020 r. Eurofound będzie nadal prowadzić regularną sprawozdawczość dotyczącą zmian w ustalaniu wynagrodzeń płacy minimalnej czasie pracy oraz dotycząca tego, jak te zmiany wpływają na życie zawodowe.

Dzięki zgromadzonej wiedzy specjalistycznej Eurofound może wspierać budowanie zdolności partnerów społecznych w celu zwiększenia skuteczności dialogu społecznego. W ten sposób Fundacja wspiera rozwój tego dialogu dzięki analizie reprezentatywności organizacji partnerów społecznych w różnych sektorach w celu oceny, czy kwalifikują się oni do komitetów dialogu społecznego.

„Naszym zadaniem jest wspieranie dialogu między kierownictwem a pracownikami. Uważam, że dane, które gromadzimy i prowadzone przez nas badania są ważne, jeżeli dzięki temu pomagamy różnym podmiotom lepiej funkcjonować... Żywy dialog społeczny jest częścią systemu, który można nazwać społeczną gospodarką rynkową, czyli systemu, który Unia Europejska pragnie zbudować”.

David Foden, doradca ds. stosunków pracy

 

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Maj 2024
Publication
Annual report

Kluczowe przesłania polityczne

Infografika

Główne wyniki badań prowadzonych przez Eurofound dostarczają decydentom informacji, które pomagają im reagować na kluczowe kwestie w danym obszarze.

  • Poprzez rokowania zbiorowe partnerzy społeczni odgrywają kluczową rolę w zapewnieniu sprawiedliwego traktowania europejskich pracowników oraz stabilnych i przewidywalnych ram dla pracodawców.
  • Skuteczne rokowania zbiorowe gwarantują, że dzięki wspólnym zasadom dotyczącym płac i warunków pracy konkurencja między przedsiębiorstwami może koncentrować się w większym stopniu na zwiększaniu efektywności niż na wykorzystywaniu siły roboczej.
  • Systemy stosunków pracy są w coraz większym stopniu zagrożone ze względu na zmiany zachodzące w społeczeństwie, na rynkach pracy i w organizacji pracy. Doprowadziło to do pojawienia się wyzwań w kwestii możliwości działania kluczowych podmiotów w systemach stosunków pracy w państwach członkowskich.
  • Jeżeli chodzi o płace, badania wskazują, że 7 na 10 pracowników otrzymujących minimalne wynagrodzenie twierdzi, że ledwo wiąże koniec z końcem, w porównaniu z mniej niż połową innych pracowników. Niemniej jednak te dane liczbowe znacznie różnią się w poszczególnych krajach. W kombinacji polityki budżetowej i monetarnej płace minimalne mogą odgrywać rolę w stabilizowaniu dochodów podczas pandemii, a tym samym mogą zatrzymać spiralę recesji lub depresji.
  • Skuteczność dialogu społecznego w Europie zależy w dużej mierze od silnych powiązań z dialogiem toczącym się w poszczególnych krajach tak, żeby agenda UE nie traciła na aktualności, a autonomiczne porozumienia na szczeblu UE były konstruktywnie wdrażane na szczeblu krajowym.
  • Choć europejski dialog społeczny zaowocował kilkoma wspólnymi inicjatywami, to niewiele z nich zakończyło się podpisaniem porozumienia. W niektórych sektorach pojawił się niepokój związany z odrzuceniem propozycji partnerów społecznych, aby porozumienia były wdrażane poprzez ustawodawstwo unijne. Zwraca się także uwagę na konieczność wzmocnienia powiązań między szczeblem unijnym a krajowym.
  • Wiele państw członkowskich musi zmierzyć się z kwestią zmniejszającej się liczby związków zawodowych. W UE jakakolwiek forma reprezentacji pracowników występuje w mniej niż jednej trzeciej (29%) zakładów pracy zatrudniających co najmniej 10 pracowników. Głównym czynnikiem stymulującym obecność takiej reprezentacji są wymagania określone we właściwym ustawodawstwie.
  • Rokowania zbiorowe to nadal najważniejszy element systemu stosunków pracy w UE. Decydenci powinni wykorzystać kryzys związany z COVID-19 do wprowadzenia nowych inicjatyw promujących, wzmacniających i podkreślających znaczenie rokowań zbiorowych.
  • Do skutecznego dialogu społecznego i właściwego działania stosunków pracy poza wysiłkami partnerów społecznych potrzebne są także środki pieniężne oraz wsparcie organów władzy publicznej. Decydenci powinni przyjrzeć się nowym formom transferu wiedzy, dostarczania zasobów oraz współpracy z partnerami społecznymi na szczeblu unijnym i krajowym.
  • Ochrona i wspieranie sprawiedliwych, dobrze działających i wyważonych stosunków pracy ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zapewnienia zrównoważonego rozwoju sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu, a także społecznego postępu w UE. W świecie po COVID-19 będzie to także ważny sposób, w jaki decydenci będą mogli łączyć społeczne i gospodarcze wymiary UE, zgodnie ze strategią określoną w Europejskim filarze praw socjalnych.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Styczeń 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Roczny przegląd płac minimalnych w 2023 r. przygotowano w kontekście bezprecedensowej inflacji w całej Europie. Chociaż w wielu państwach inflacja doprowadziła do gwałtownego wzrostu nominalnych stawek płac, w wielu przypadkach...

29 Czerwiec 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (531)

Employment is currently the big issue in the European Union. This report describes the recent initiatives known as PECs (pacts for employment and competitiveness) which are a combination of three main elements: competitiveness, employment and partnership.

22 September 2000

The objectives of the report are to investigate how companies in three sectors: the automobile industry, the banking business and road haulage experience EMU with regard to the practicalities of the introduction of the EURO, industrial relations, pay, employment, working conditions, restructuring of

04 September 2000

The way to EMU has deeply changed the macroeconomic conditions of the French economy. This report looks at the main features of industrial relations in France. It analyses the impact on three sectors: banking and finance, automotive and road haulage, which have undergone or are undergoing intense

01 September 2000

The way to EMU has deeply changed the macroeconomic conditions of the Dutch economy. This report looks at the main features of industrial relations in the Netherlands. It analyses the impact on three sectors: banking and finance, automotive and road haulage, which have undergone or are undergoing

31 August 2000

The way to EMU has deeply changed the macroeconomic conditions of the British economy. This report looks at the main features of industrial relations in the United Kingdom. It analyses the impact on three sectors: banking and finance, automotive and road haulage, which have undergone or are

31 August 2000

The EIRO annual review provides an overview and summary of western Europe's main industrial relations developments in 1999, drawing on the EIROnline database records entered during the year. The review also provides a guide to using EIROnline.

22 May 2000

EIRObserver is the bi-monthly bulletin of the European Industrial Relations Observatory. It contains an edited selection of feature and news items, based on some of the reports supplied for the EIROnline database over each two-month period. On top of this, EIRO also conducts comparative research on

03 April 2000

EIRObserver is the bi-monthly bulletin of the European Industrial Relations Observatory. It contains an edited selection of feature and news items, based on some of the reports supplied for the EIROnline database over each two-month period. On top of this, EIRO also conducts comparative research on

24 January 2000

EIRObserver is the bi-monthly bulletin of the European Industrial Relations Observatory. It contains an edited selection of feature and news items, based on some of the reports supplied for the EIROnline database over each two-month period. On top of this, EIRO also conducts comparative research on

07 June 1999

The EIRO annual review provides an overview and summary of western Europe's main industrial relations developments in 1998, drawing on the EIROnline database records entered during the year. The review also provides a guide to using EIROnline.

27 May 1999

Online resources results (1768)

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea
10 Styczeń 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound. 2-3 October 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Spanish Presidency, Madrid.

9 Październik 2023
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Measures to lessen the impact of the inflation and energy crisis on citizens

As governments across the EU continue to implement policies to support citizens and businesses in the face of rising food and energy prices caused by the COVID-19 crisis and intensified by the war in Ukraine, this article summarises the policy responses as reported in Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count


Blogs results (22)
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 Kwiecień 2019
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

1 Maj 2018
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The workings of industrial relations are constantly evolving. In this blog piece, Eurofound authors Christian Welz and Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras discuss a tool that Eurofound has developed to enable this process of change to be monitored and analysed, enabling stakeholders in Member States to

28 Marzec 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Czerwiec 2017
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 luty 2017
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Europe has gone through significant economic change over the past decade. Businesses have had to manage the challenges posed by the financial crisis, globalisation and a rapidly changing labour market. Eurofound's new report Win-win arrangements: Innovative measures through social dialogue at

3 Październik 2016
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On the eve of the 11th International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) European Congress, we look at the issue of representativeness in Europe, and how ensuring that workers and employers are fairly represented at EU-level is an important aspect of European democracy.

7 Wrzesień 2016
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The European Union (EU) has strong legislation in place that protects workers from being exploited and also enables businesses to engage in fair competition. Workers are mobile and can move freely within the EU single market across borders – without being dependent upon traffickers. Yet, the latest

3 Maj 2016

Upcoming publications results (9)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

June 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Styczeń 2024
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